Bain, Alexander 1855. The Senses and the Intellect. London: John W. Parker and Son. [Internet Archive]
The object of this treatise is to give a full and systematic account of two principal divisions of the science of mind, - the Senses and the Intellect. The remaining two divisions, comprising the Emotions and the Will, will be the subject of a future treatise. (Bain 1955: v)
Juba esimene lõik sellest raamatust on kõnekas: taju ja emotsioonid on selgelt eristatud. Nende samastamine nt "Esmasuseks" on üks neist tüliküsimustest, millega ma jagelen triaaditsedes (triadizing) alatasa.
In treating of the Senses, besides recognising the so-called muscilar sense as distinct from the five senses, I have thought proper to assign to Movement and the feelings of Movement a position preceding the Sensations of the senses; and have endeavoured to prove that the exercise of active energy originating in purely internal impulses independent [|] of the stimulus produced by outward impressions, is primary fact of our constitution. (Bain 1955: v-vi)
Meeli tõepoolest ei ole viis, vaid üle üheteistkümne ja kehaasendi ning -liikumise tajumine peaksid olema selles täielikumas rivistuses täitsa kohal. Clay jaoks on siin oluline eristus sisemise impulsi ja välise stiimuli vahel.
Among the Senses, have been here enrolled and described with some degree of minuteness the feelings connected with the various processes of organic life, - Digestion, Respiration, &c. - which make up so large a part of individual happiness and misery. (Bain 1955: vi)
Mis sa tahad seedida ja hingata ka we? Päris ülbeks ära läinud.
However imperfect may be the first attempt to construct a Natural History of the Feelings, upon the basis of a uniform descriptive method, the subject of mind cannot attain a high scientific character until some progress has been made towards the accomplishment of this object. (Bain 1955: vi)
Tunnete looduslugu. Ühtlast kirjeldusviisi tahan näha. Kas psühholoogia saavutas siis kõrgelt teadusliku iseloomu?
In treating of the Intellect, the subdivision into faculties is abandoned. The exposition proceeds entirely on the Laws of Association, which are exemplified with minute detail and followed out into a variety of applications. (Bain 1955: vi)
Oot, millal siis fakultiteedipsühholoogia ajastu üldse oli? Assotsiatsiooniseadustest olen juba kaua olnud huvitatud, aga mitte piisavalt, et ise Hume-i lugeda (Locke oli juba paras pähkel).
The opertions and appearances that constitute Mind are indicated by such terms as Feelings, Thought, Memory, Reason, Conscience, Imagination, Will, Passions, Affections, Taste. But the Definition of Mind aspires to comprehend in few words, by some apt generalisations, the whole kindred of mental facts, and to exclude everything of a foreign character. (Bain 1955: 1)
'Maitse' on natukene kummaline selles rivistuses, aga mitte kohatu. Vaimsed faktid.
Mind, according to my conception of it, possesses three attributes, or capacities.Consciousness is inseparable from the first of these capacities, but not, as appear to me, from the second or the third. True, our actions and thoughts are usually conscious, that is, are known to us by an inward perception; but the consciousness of an act is manifestly not the act, and, although the assertion is less obvious, I believe that the consciousness of a thought is distinct from the thought. To flee on the appearance of danger is one thing, and to be conscious that we apprehend danger is another. (Bain 1955: 1)
- It has Feeling, in which term I include what is commonly called Sensation and Emotion.
- It can Act according to Feeling.
- It can Think.
Clay poleemika sai koheselt selgemaks. Oleme me tõepoolest kõigist oma tunnetest (tajumustest ja emotsioonidest) alati teadlikud? Siit jääb mulje, et oleme. Clay kogu projekt on mingis mõttes vastuväide sellele, et teadvus on tunnetest lahutamatu. Samuti see asjaolu, et tegevus lähtub tunnetest. Juba liigagi tuttav '(de)generatiivne protokoll', nagu Deledalle seda nimetas, on juba tuvastatav, aga mulle tundub küll praegu ülikahtlane.
The three terms, Feeling, Emotion, and Consciousness, will, I think, be found in reality to express one and the same fact or attribute of mind, and will be used accordingly in the present exposition. (Bain 1955: 1)
Teadvus on emotsioonide tundmine. Käi kukile. Enam ei imesta, et Clay nii palju vaeva nägi teadvuse (ümber)liigitamisega.
A Definition should itself be intelligible, and composed of terms not standing in need of further definition. Thus, for a notion of what feeling is, I must refer each person to their own experience. The warmth felt in sunshine, the fragrance of flowers, the sweetness of honey, the bleating of cattle, the beauty of a landscape, are so many known states of consciousness, feeling, or emotion. The aim of the definition is to propose a generalisation, or general expression including all such states; and this generalisation admits of being elucidated and discussed, proved or disproved. I shall now offer a few remarks in explanation of each of the heads of the Definition. (Bain 1955: 2)
Sellest siis 'x is undefinable'. Kas päikese paitav soojus on alati hea? (Mis siis kui päike sõna otseses mõttes 'käib närvidele'?)
With regard to the quality variously called Feeling, Consciousness, or Emotion, I would remark that this is the foremost and most unmistakeable mark of mind. The members of the human race agrees in manifesting the property of Feeling. The orders of the brute creation give like symptoms of the same endowment. The vegetable and mineral worlds are devoid of it. (Bain 1955: 2)
Inimestel ja loomadel on tunded. Taimede kohal ripub võib-olla küsimärk. Mineraalid ja masinad on (veel) tundetud.
True, it is each in ourselves that we have the direct evidence of the conscious state, no one person's consciousness being open to another person. But finding all the outward appearances that accompany consciousness in ourselves to be present in other human beings, as well as, under some variety of degree, in the lower animals, we naturally conclude their internal state to be the same with our own. (Bain 1955: 2)
Telepaatiat ei leia. Väliste näivuste järgi järeldame, et teised olendid on ka teadvusel.
The gambols of a child, the shrinking from a blow, or a cry on account of pain, and the corresponding expressions for mental states common to all languages, prove that men in all times have been similarly affected. The terms for expressing pleasure and pain in all their various forms and degrees are names of conscious states. Joy, sorrow, misery, comfort, bliss, happiness are a few examples out of this wide vocabulary. (Bain 1955: 2)
Õige jah, Darwini raamat näoilmetest on paari aastakümne kaugusel tulevikus.
Although the signs and language of feeling are sufficient proofs of the existence of mind, yet mere feeling is not all that we look for in a mental nature. Action is a second requisite. The putting forth of power to execute some work or perform some operation is to us a mark of mind. Eating, drinking, running, flying, sowing, reaping, building, destroying, - are operations rising beyond the play of mere emotion. In [|] speaking of Action, however, as a characteristic of mind, we must render explicit the distinction between mental actions and such as are not mental. This distinction I have endeavoured to set forth by describing mental actions as under the prompting and guidance of Feeling. When an animal tears, masticates, and swallows its food, or hunts its prey, the stimulus and support of the activity manifested is to be sought in a strong sensation or feeling. (Bain 1955: 2-3)
Vaimseid tegevusi sooritatakse tundega.
By this limitation, we exclude many kinds of action familiar to us in nature, - the powers of wind, water, gravity, steam, gunpowder, electricity, vegetation, &c. True, the impulse of personification, so spontaneous in man, has often personified those powers, ascribing their workings to some mental nature concealed behind them. But there is a very great difference between the two cases, as is shown by the habitual mode of dealing with each, especially in modern scientific discussions. With respect to the powers of nature, we ascertain the general laws of working solely by an examination of the phenomena themselves. (Bain 1955: 3)
Loodusjõudude personifitseerimine: vennas tuul ja õeke elekter.
But in regard to mental actions the practice is otherwise. There we descend for an explanation into the laws of feeling or emotion, - into the sensations and various affections that work within the animated creature. We cannot trace any uniformity in the operations of a human being by merely looking at the actions themselves, as we can in the fall of a stone or the course of a planet. It is the unseen feelings that furnish the key to the vast complication of man's works and ways. (Bain 1955: 3)
Nägematud tunded.
There are certain other actions that would seem at first sight to be excluded by the definition, which, nevertheless, are always looked upon as of the kindred of mental actions. For example, it will be an object with us to show that there are in the human system movements and tendencies to movement independent of, and anterior to the stimulus of the outward world upon the senses. The eyes may open of themselves, the voice may break forth into utterance, the limbs may gesticulate, unprompted by any painful or pleasurable state. Yet those movements belong to the sphere of mind, and come to form part of its characteristic indications. (Bain 1955: 4)
Automatism.
Another case in which our definition may appear to [|] exclude true mental phenomena, is that of the actions called habitual. These in some cases approach to the unconscious and automatic, like the movements of the heart and lungs; and almost appear to become independent of feeling either to originate or to control them. Notwithstanding, such actions cannot be held as excluded, when we consider that they had their rise in feelings, and merely, in virtue of a plastic operation truly mental in its nature, grow less and less the objects of consciousness. Although a musical performer should play an air with an almost entire absence of mind, we should still consider the performance as an effort of mind in the sense of the definition; for the power was acquired step by step under the prompting and guidance of sensations and emotions. (Bain 1955: 4-5)
Harjumused ka juba platsis.
The term Volition, applies, as I conceive, to the entire range of mental or feeling-prompted actions; and it is proposed therefore to make constant use of this word for expressing the second attribute of mind. (Bain 1955: 5)
Nö Esmasus (tunded) ja Teisesus (tahtejõud) kohtuvad.
The concluding attribute of the definition is Thought, or Intelligence. Even in the lowest forms of mind some portion of Intelligence is found. The first fact implied in it is discrimination, with sense of agreement or of difference, as when of two things taken into the mouth the animal prefers the one to the other. If a honey-bee were to alight on one flower, try its quality, go to a second and then return to the first as the better of the two, such an act of deliberate preference would imply intelligence along with volition. The fact that one impression can remain in the mind when the original is gone so as to be compared with a second impression, implies the very essence of intelligence however limited the degree. To go back upon a former experience as preferable to the present is to act upon an idea, a thought; whenever this is clearly manifested we see an intelligent being. (Bain 1955: 5)
Mõistus eritleb. Mesilase näide haakub kenasti ka näiteks Peirce'i kuulsa väitega, et mikroskoobiga nähtav amööbi vaadeldes võib näha Mõistust.
In the higher regions of mind, the attribute of thinking implies the storing up, reviving, and combining anew all the impressions constituting what we call knowledge, and principally derived from the outer world acting on the senses. (Bain 1955: 6)
Üldsüntees?
In the division of mind into Understanding and Will, the element of Emotion would appear to be left out entirely. We shall find in fact, however, that the feelings are implied in, or placed under, the head of the Will. The same remark applies to Reid's classification, also twofold and substantially identical with the foregoing, namely into Intellectual Powers and Active Powers. The submerged department of Emotion [|] will be found partly taken in among the Intellectual Powers, wherein are included the Senses and the Emotions of Taste, and partly treated of among the Active Powers, which comprise the discussion of the benevolent and malevolent Affections. (Bain 1955: 6-7)
Huvitav, kas siin võis rolli mängida Kanti Understanding (tema nö Teisesus)?
Dr. Thomas Brown, displeased with the mode of applying the term 'Active' in the above division, went into the other extreme, and brought forward a classification where Emotion seems entirely to overlie the region of Volition. He divides mental states into external affections and internal affections. By external affections he means the feelings we have by the Senses, in other words Sensation. The internal affections he subdivides into intellectual states of mind and emotions. His division therefore is tantamount to Sensation, Emotion, and Intellect. All the phenomena commonly recognised as of an active or volitional nature he classes as a part of Emotion. (Bain 1955: 7)
Väga huvitav lahendus. Justkui täpselt vastupidine Chase'i omale, milles volitsionaalne Spontaansus on põhiline sissepoole suunatud (refleksiivne) aspekt. Browne'i Lectures on the Philosophy of the Human Mind (1820) lendas lugemisjärjekorda.
Sir William Hamilton, in remarking on the arrangement followed in the writings of Professor Dugald Stewart, states his own view as follows: - 'If we take the Mental to the exclusion of Material phœnomena, that is, the phœnomena manifested through the medium of Self-consciousness or Reflection, they naturally divide themselves into three categories or primary genera; - the phœnomena of Knowledge or Cognition, - the phœnomena of Feeling or of Pleasure and Pain, - and the phœnomena of Conation or of Will and Desire.' Intelligence, Feeling, and Will are thus distinctively set forth. (Bain 1955: 7)
Juba tuttav muusika.
Mr. Morell, in his Elements of Psychology, adopts the same triple division, and shows that it pervades the systems of many of the recent German expositors of Mind, for example, Beneke. (Bain 1955: 7)
Viskasin kuhja. Morelliga on lihtne, aga Beneke kohta pärineb tõenäoliselt siit.
In this passage a quadruple partition is indicated, - Sensation, Intellect, Emotion, and Volution. Seeing, however, that Emotion, in a comprehensive definition, such as that given in the foregoing section, takes in Sensation; these four divisions are reducible to the three defining attributes above laid down. (Bain 1955: 8)
Juba kukkusid kokku. (Allikas, kust pärineb pikalt tsiteeritud eelnev lõik: "Dr. Sharpey, in Quain's Anatomy, 4th edition, p. clxxxvi.")
There is an indisputable connexion between size of brain and the mental energy displayed by the individual man or animal. It cannot be maintained that size is the only circumstance that determines the amount of mental force; quality is as important as quantity, whether in nerve, muscle, or any other portion of the animal structure. But just as largeness of muscle gives greater strength of body as a general rule, so largeness of brain gives greater vigour of mental impulse. (Bain 1955: 11)
Suurem aju on targem kui väiksem aju. Teadus!
The nerves form the medium of communication between these distant parts and the centre; one class of nervous fibres, termed afferent (in-bringing) or centripetal, conducting impressions towards the centre, - another, the efferent (out-carrying) or centrifugal, carrying material stimuli from the centre to the moving organs. (Bain 1955: 12)
Varajaste neuroloogide füsikalism.
In the present state of our knowledge the entire significance of these details cannot be assigned; Physiology on the one hand, and mental science on the other, must be in a more advanced condition in order to make out such significance. (Bain 1955: 13)
Millal ja kus ning kuidas neurofüsioloogia ja kognitiivpsühholoogia kohtuvad?
The nervous substance has long been distinguished into two kinds, obviously differing from each other in colour, and therefore named the white, and the grey, or cineritious (ash-coloured). (Bain 1955: 14)
Õppisin uue sõna selgeks.
'The pineal gland (conarium) so named from its shape (pinus, conus, the fruit of the fir), is a small reddish body, which rests upon the anterior pair of the corpora quadrigemina.' (Bain 1955: 22)
Neh, conatus tuleb ladina keelest, aga kônarion kreeka keelest. Nad kohtuvad Descartese teostes.
The various central masses are like so many stations where the train drops a certain number of passengers and takes up others in their stead, whilst some are carried through to the final terminus. A system of telegraph wires might be formed to represent exactly what takes place in the brain. If from a general terminus in London a mass of wires were carried out to proceed towards Liverpool, and if one wire of the mass were to end at each station, while from the same station new wires arose, one for every station further on, a complete and perfectly independent connexion could be kept up between any two stations along the line. Calling the stations a, b, c, d, e; there would be from a the London terminus, the wires, a b, a c, a d, a e; from b, would arise, b c, b d, b e; from c, c d, c e; and from d, d e. The mass of wires found on the road at a point between c and d, would be a e, or the one through-going wire, b e and b d, c e and c d; five wires in all, [|] which would be the number sustained throughout. This system of telegraph communication would be, so far as appears, the type of nervous communication among the various masses strung together in the cerebro-spinal axis or centre. (Bain 1955: 30-31)
Sellest analoogiast on tegelikult lühike samm Clay specious present-ini: rongisõit ja närvisignaali edastamine võtavad mõlemad aega...
The function of a nerve is to transmit impressions, influences, or stimuli, from one part of the system to another. The nerves originate nothing; they are exclusively a medium of communication; they have the carrying function. It is not easy to describe the nature of the influence that passes along the various spinal and cerebral ramifications; but whatever that influence be, we do not find it to be generated in the fibrous bundles of the nerve substance, nor can it be absorbed there. Hence the term 'conductor' applied to the lines of nerve passing to and fro throughout the body. These are in their essential function telegraph wires; for although the force conveyed by a nerve differs from the force conveyed by a telegraphic wire, there is an absolute sameness in this, that the influence is generated at one spot and transmitted to another through an intermediate substance, which substance acts the carrier part solely. When a nerve fibre is not employed in transmitting an influence from one part to another, it sleeps, or is wholly idle and inert. (Bain 1955: 38)
Neurokommunikoloogia.
The experimental proofs of this position are numerous, and they are now reckoned conclusive. If a main trunk nerve supplying a limb be cut through, all sensation in the limb ceases, and also all power of movement. The nerve with its numerous branches still remains, but, dissevered from the centres, it has no influence; the entire ramifications might as well be torn out of the limb. The blood circulates and the parts are nourished, but for the purposes of feeling or action the member is excommunicated, dead. The telegraph wire is cut. (Bain 1955: 39)
Pädev analoogia.
The operation of chewing is another case in point; there is a complicated concurrence of movements of the jaw, the tongue, and the cheeks; and if any one of these make a false step, some accident, such as the biting of the tongue will result. (Bain 1955: 55)
Peaaegu orderly concurrence of aptitudes.
The phrenologists have attributed to the cerebellum the sexual function, with the amatory feelings corresponding thereto; but the great number of physiologists are decidedly opposed to this view. (Bain 1955: 56)
Alati heade mõtetega platsis.
It is, therefore, in the present state of our knowledge, an entire misconception to talk of a sensorium within the brain, a sanctum sanctorum, or inner chambel, where impressions are poured in and stored up to be reproduced in a future day. There is no such chamber, no such mode of reception of outward influence. A stimulus or sensation acting on the brain exhausts itself in the production of a number of transmitted currents or influences; while the stimulus is alive, these continue, and when these have ceased the impression is exhausted. (Bain 1955: 61)
Huvitav. 'Kes sul peas on?' (Homunculus?)
However feeble the currents may be, their natural course is towards the organs accustomed to their sway. Hence the reason for adopting language, as we have done throughout the present chapter, to imply that the brain is only a part of the machinery of mind; for although a large part of all the circles of mental action lie within the head, other parts equally indispensable extend throughout the body. (Bain 1955: 62)
Tuttav väide: aju on osa mõistusest.
So an active young hound refreshed by sleep or rested by confinement pants for being let loose, not because of anything that attracts his view or kindels up his ear, but because a rush of activity courses through his members, rendering him uneasy till the confined energy has found vent in a chase or a run. We are at no loss to distinguish this kind of activity from that awakened by sensation or emotion, and the distinction is accordingly recognised in the modes of interpreting the movements and feelings of animals. (Bain 1955: 77)
Kariloomad saavad kevadel pärast pikka talvist laudas seismist aasale ja kappavad end vigaseks.
The activity that seems to sustain itself, costing the individual almost no effort, being his delight rather than his drudgery, and very little altered by the presence or the absence of stimulus or ends, is manifestly a constitutional self-prompting force; and such activity may be seen in innumerable instances in the living world. This feature makes one of the fundamental distinctions of character, both in individuals and in races; being seen in the restless adventurer, the indefatigable traveller, the devotee of business, the incessant meddler in affairs; in the man that hates repose and despises passive enjoyments. It is the pushing energy of Philip of [|] Macedon and William the Conqueror. On the other hand, sensitive and emotional natures, which are to be found abundantly among men, and still more abundantly among women, are not active in a corresponding degree, while the kind of activity actually displayed is plainly seen to result more from some stimulus or object than from an innate exuberance of action. (Bain 1955: 79-80)
See sama Philip kes pidavat kaineks saama?
Among the special aptitudes manifested among the lower animals we find very well-marked examples of the spontaneity of action. The destructive weapons belonging to so many tribes are frequently brought into play without any stimulus or provocation, and when no other reason can be rendered than the necessity for discharging an accumulation of inward energy. (Bain 1955: 82)
Üleeelmisel leheküljel esines taaskord "concurrence".
Moreover, I mean to defer the metaphysical consideration of Consciousness itself, with the problems suspended therein, to a future period. Most of the individual states and varieties of consciousness can be sufficiently well determined and described without raising controversies as to the definition of consciousness in the abstract; while the handling of an abstraction so intensely debated as this has been, demands some previous preparation. (Bain 1955: 84)
Noneh. Pärast Clay-d on raske sellega nõustuda.
It may facilitate the comprehension of the method, if I offer a few explanatory remarks as to the scope of it. The reader is sufficiently acquainted with the threefold partition of mind into Emotion, Volition, and Intellect. If this partition be complete and exhaustive, every mental fact and phenomenon whatsoever falls under one or other of these heads; nothing mental can be stated that is not either a feeling, a volution, or a thought. It must, nevertheless, be observed, that mental states need not belong to one of these classese exclusively. A feeling may have a certain volitional aspect, at the same time that it possesses all the characters of a true emotion: thus the mental state caused by intense cold, is of the nature of a feeling in the proper acceptation of the term; we recognise it as a mode of consciousness of the painful kind, but inasmuch as it stimulates us to perform actions for abating or freeing ourselves from the pain, there attaches to it a volitional character as well. In like manner every state that can be reproduced afterwards as a recollection, or retained as an idea, has by that fact a certain intellectual character. (Bain 1955: 84, footnote)
Seni üks kõnekamaid märkusi. Triaad ei ole puhas kategooriline klassifikatsioon, vaid kolm aspekti on omavahel keeruliselt läbi põimunud. "Ideed" on siin huvitavalt lihtsakoelised.
In the eye, for example, the effect of a blaze of sunshine is of a very different nature from the sight of a watch. The one serves for the purpose of immediate enjoyment or emotion, the other is nothing in itself and derives its value from intellectual applications and the rational guidance of our life. The contrast between music and speech expresses the same distinction among effects on the ear. (Bain 1955: 85)
Füüsiline ja semiootiline reaalsus, kaudselt.
The feeling of pleasure doubtless works along with the spontaneous tendency, and so far there is a volitional power in the conscious state induced by exertion. This power is not inconsiderable on the whole, although many pleasures surpass the present in this particular. If we take the cases where the feeling of exertion is at its highest - namely, the concurrence of youth with high muscular energy, or the athletic constitution at its prime, the pleasure will be very great indeed, and the volitional promptings to keep it up equally great. (Bain 1955: 99)
Noorus nõustub lihasjõuga.
Let us first advert to what we may term, by comparison, slow movements. By these I understand such as a loitering, sauntering walk, an indolent style of doing things, a solemn gesture, a drawling speech, whatever is set down as leisurely, deliberate, dawdling. The emotion arising from this kind of movement is far greater than an equal effort of dead tension would produce. (Bain 1955: 101)
Kõlab nagu malicious compliance.
In both cases we have a luxurious passive emotion, arising out of the peculiar condition of the muscles; and such is the accordance or sympathy of the two, that the one is well known to bring on the other with its accompanying reality. (Bain 1955: 102)
Sümpaatia ja vastavus.
After a bustling day, tranquility is restored by the sympathy of languid movements, or stately music. Hence one of the influences ascribed to acts of devotion and the forms of worship. (Bain 1955: 102)
Pütaagorlane mängib enne magamaminekut rahustavat muusikat.
In the ecstatic worship of antiquity, in the rites of Bacchus and Demeter, a peculiar phrenzy overtook the worshippers, yielding an enjoyment of the most intense and violent character, and in its expression mad and furious. (Bain 1955: 104)
Kuramus. Idioomsus tegi ju kirjanduse nimekirja valmis. Peaks lugema hakkama.
By springs and cushions all violence of shock is done away, while the easy exercise caused by the commencement and stoppages of the motion, by the slight risings and fallings of the road, is somewhat of the nature of that influence already described as arising from slow and languid movements. It must not be forgotten, however, that the stimulus of the fresh air, procured at little expense of exertion, and with the eye amused by a shifting scene, is no small part of the agreeableness, as well as wholesomeness of the situation. (Bain 1955: 106)
Autor on aeglasest kaarikusõidust sillas.
The rocking chair, introduced by the Americans, who seem specially attentive to the luxuries of muscular sensibility, is calculated for passive movements. Anciently furniture was adapted for the pleasures of repose solely, but now the boy's rocking horse has its representative among the appurtenances of grown men. (Bain 1955: 107)
Ei teadnud, et kiiktool on Ameeriklaste leiutis.
In appreciating the cohesiveness of tenacious bodies, - the thickness of a dough, or the toughness of a clay, the same sense of resistance comes into operation. In like manner the elasticity of elastic substances - the strength of a spring, the rebound of a cushion - comes to be discriminated with more or less nicety. (Bain 1955: 112)
Peirce'i Teisesus on seotud vastupanuga, huvitaval kombel, mitte vaba tahtega (vaid sellega, mis vabale tahtele vastu hakkab).
Our feeling of moving organs, or of contracting muscles, has been already affirmed to be different from our feeling of dead tension, - something more intense, keen, and exciting; and I am now led to assert, from my best observations and by inference from acknowledged facts, that the extent of range of a movement, the degree of shortening of a muscle, is a matter of discriminative sensibility. I believe it to be much less pronounced, less exact, than the sense of resistance above described, but to be not the less real and demonstrable. (Bain 1955: 113)
Vastupanutunnetus.
By Sensations we understand the mental impressions, feelings, or states of consciousness resulting from the action of external things on some part of the body, called on that account sensitive. Such are the feelings caused by tastes, or smells, sounds, or sights. These are the influences external to the mental organization; they are distinguished from influences originating within, as, for example, spontaneous activity, the remembrance of the past, or the anticipation of the future. (Bain 1955: 119)
Siit võib juba aimata Clay kuute kogemusevormi (siin on neist neli, võib-olla isegi ainult kolm).
The Sensations are classified according to the bodily organs concerned in their production; hence the division into five senses. But along with distinctness of organ we have distinctness in the outward objects, and also in the inward consciousness. (Bain 1955: 119)
Sissevaatav sensatsiooniline teadvus.
Fracture of the bones and laceration of the ligaments are among the most agonizing misfortunes of our precarious existence. (Bain 1955: 123)
Truism.
The expression of the feeling is one of pain, not acute but deep seated and engrossing; collapsed features, restlessness, fretting, and melancholy. The action suggested is usually something quite extravagant and misplaced: the getting rid of life itself is one of the most natural desires when the condition assumes its most virulent forms. This is a proof of the total loss of freshness and tone through the entire substance of the nervous system, the final triumph of ennui. (Bain 1955: 124)
Oioi. Siin ütleks Adler, et propageeritakse enesemõrva.
The consciousness arising out of the healthy and fresh condition of the nerve tissue, or out of the operations of the various artificial stimulants, is the exact contrast of the state now described. I do not enquire into the use and abuse of those stimulating materials, but merely advert to the effect common to them all, and for which they are had recourse to; an effect also to be reaped from the natural condition of the nervous organs when in their unexhausted vigour, as may be seen more particularly in early life. (Bain 1955: 125)
Ta mainib juba nii mitmendat korda mingeid ebamääraseid stimulante, et mul on karvane tunne, et jutt käib Freudi lemmikravimist.
The circulation of the blood through the arteries and veins by the force of the heart, the secretion of nutritive material and of excrementitious matter in the several tissues and glands, and the various acts of absorption corresponding to those processes, - cannot be unattended with feeling. (Bain 1955: 126)
Ekskrementitaalne aines. Nämm.
As cold increases the action of the lungs and the circulation, so warmth enfeebles both; and hence, with all its pleasurableness, makes the body less disposed to action, as is seen in summer heat and in tropical climates. This effect, however, is not without a good side; for in the case of morbid activity of the nervous system, warmth is a soothing influence, either by its physical effects, or by the nature of the sensation, which, like repose, is eminently satisfying and anti-volitional, or from the physical and mental effects combined. (Bain 1955: 134)
Soojus summutab tahtejõudu?
The following is an abstract of this classification: -(Bain 1955: 135)
- 1st. Water and the watery liquids, including the substances conveyed in solution, or suspension, in water.
- 2nd. Saccharine substances, derived from the vegetable kingdom. This comprehends sugars, starch, gums, vinegar.
- 3rd. Oily substances. These include the various fats and oils, as well as alcohol. Like the former group, they are composed of carbon and the elements of water, but in them the carbon is in a much higher proportion.
- 4th. Albuminous substances, containing nitrogen: fibrine, gelatine, albumen, caseine (matter of cheese), vegetable gluten, 'all the materials which make up this group are derived generally from the animal kingdom, with the exception of the last, which is contained in great abundance in wheat; similar if not identical, principles exist in other vegetables. Wheat, indeed, consists of two substances - one referable to the saccharine group, the other to the albuminous, the former consisting of starch, the latter of gluten.'
Äädikas on sahhariin, alkohol on õli.
'The alimentary canal is a long membranous tube, commencing at the mouth and terminating at the anus, composed of certain tunics or coats, and lined by a continuous mucous membrane from one end to the other. Its average length is about thirty feet, being about five or six times the length of the body. (Bain 1955: 136)
Kaunis. Jaunis, isegi.
If we were to assign the precise and specific quality assumed by it after the first edge of appetite is over, we should compare it to the sensation of genial warmth, which it appears very closely to resemble, a feeling still more enhanced by the addition of alcoholic stimulants to the food. (Bain 1955: 139)
Muidu mõtleks, et alkohol on uimastav, mitte ergutav.
Such is the character common to all kinds of healthy nourishment; but there is the greatest possible difference in the qualities of food as regards stomach relish; from turtle to stale oat-cakes, or a piece of black bread, what a mighty interval! (Bain 1955: 139)
Okei, Darwin.
Hunger, like other painful feelings, provokes to action for its appeasement, the strength of the impulse being the measure of its absolute force in the region of volition. Not being so acute or intense as a cut, a cramp, or a burn, it does not stimulate an instant and violent proceeding; but the influence on the entire consciousness of the individual is great and commanding, and the voluntary effort thence arising is of the most resolute kind. To satisfy hunger and impart stomachic relish, is one of the constant aims of human activity. (Bain 1955: 141)
Aiva söök ja kutse söögile - muu ei huvita linnukest põlevas põõsas. (Lennata - kuhu? Kas seal süüa saab? Ay, is there an apple up in there?)
The sensation of vomiting is in most cases horrible in the extreme. It proves by a strong instance the power of stomachic influences on the nervous system. The sensation is one sui generis - no other feeling can at all compare with it. There are many forms of unendurable pain, but this has a virulence of its own, being both great in amount and intense in degree. (Bain 1955: 142)
Oksendamine on määratlematu.
Disgusting sights are mostly the result of association; but some nauseous smells act from the very beginning. The arrangements of human life, particularly address themselves to our protection against disgust; and singularly enough, the chief things to be avoided are the products of living bodies themselves. (Bain 1955: 142)
Ise küll arvaks, et trüptofoobia vms (vastumeelsus augulisele orgaanilisele koele) on kaasasündinud (innatiivne).
The pain of toothache, its peculiar intensity and virulence, would appear to have some relation to the proximity of the parts to the nerve centres; any irritation about the face or head seems, so far as I can judge, to carry a greater amount of excitement to the brain than a similar irritation in more distant parts would give birth to. (Bain 1955: 143)
Tuttav väide - sõrmed on väga artikuleeritud, sest peaajule lähedal, aga varbad võib ära unustada ja kokku lasta kasvada.
But what chiefly interests us is to mark, as a specific mental experience arising out of many forms of alimentary derangement, the depression and ennui spread over the consciousness at the times when any of these organs are failing to perform their part. This effect is one that, if not intense or acute, is powerful in its amount, and extremely difficult to combat either by other stimulants or by the action of the mind recalling or imagining situations of a less gloomy cast. It either resembles or else produces, that [|] physical depression of the nervous substance already considered; the likeness holds remarkably in the leading features, as in the distaste for existence while the state lasts, and the extreme facility of forgetting it when it is gone. (Bain 1955: 144-145)
Kõht sai sooja toitu täis ja enesemõrvaplaanid läksid meelest. (Järgmise korrani, siis!)
Any feeling of general depression is easily forgotten when the animal spirits have returned; the evil then seems to have neither a local habituation nor a name. (Bain 1955: 145)
Ae, loomavaimud! Tulge tagasi!
The first contact causes a slight blow like the other, then succeeds a feeling of heat, and a creeping sensation of the flesh as if it were unnaturally wretched or torn, which after a time becomes intolerable. The peculiar distorting sensation is carried to the utmost in Faraday's Magneto-Electric Machine, where the current instead of continuing of one character is changed from negative to positive and from positive to negative a great many times every second. The sense of contortion from this machine may be described as agonising. (Bain 1955: 146)
Keegi peaks vahelduvvoolu kahjulikkust tõestama avaliku demonstratsiooniga mõne elevandi peal.
In some states, this influence is supposed to kindle a general glow in the human frame, while in other states the effect is painful and depressing. Many persons complain of a disturbed, irritated condition of body on the eve of a thunder-storm. The highly electrified state of the atmosphere in dry cold is generally considered as bracing; while part of the depression of moist sultry weather is attributed to the absence of electricity. (Bain 1955: 146)
Vilma!
This radical, when obtained, 'is a clear liquid, refracting light strongly. When cooled, it crystallizes in large square prisms, and acquires, when pure, the appearance of ice. Its smell is insupportably offensive, and its vapour is highl poisonous. The two latter characters belong to all the compounds of kakodyle, with hardly an exception.' (Gregory, Chemistry, p. 382.) (Bain 1955: 160)
Kakodüüli lõhn ründab mind - ma ei saa seda toetada, lihtsalt ei saa!
Light, also, which carries forward the development of the plant, is an odoriferous influence. Hence the abundance and variety of odours in warm and sunny climates, and in the [|] summer season. The presence of moisture is often favourable; but the manner of acting of this agency is not always obvious. It may perhaps dissolve solid matters, and thus put them in the way of being volatilized; this may be the cause of the evolution of perfumes after a shower. (Bain 1955: 161)
Kui suvel vihma sajab siis loodus lõhnab. Taimed eritavad õli, mille lõhna järgi inimloom on kohanenud vett leidma? Ei. Päikesevalgus tekitab lõhna, sulatades tahket ainest.
The animal effluvia (excepting sulphuretted hydrogen) are dense gases, and are diffused slowly. They do not rise high in the air. In scenting, a pointer keeps his nose close along the ground, with the view also no doubt of bringing his nose close to the objects touched by the hare. The unwholesome effluvia of the decaying matter laid on the soil is avoided by getting to a moderate height: smells will be felt by a person lying that would not be felt standing, such is the difference between a stratum of eighteen inches and the height of five feet. The danger of lying on the ground in tropical swamps is a matter of fatal experience; swung in a tree fifty feet high, one may pass the night safely. (Bain 1955: 161)
Peaks maha pikali heitma ja maailma nuusutam. Võib-olla mitte dšunglis.
Hence the sensibility must belong mainly to those deeply lodged parts; where there are no nerves there can be no feeling. (Bain 1955: 162)
ChatGPT, mida sa tunned?
The action on the sense is very strong, notwithstanding the minuteness of the dose; there is an intensely bad smell, as of decaying cabbage, and the irritation of the membrane causes catarrh. (Bain 1955: 164)
Seleniuretted hydrogen causes Qatar.
'Linnæus has divided odours into seven principal classes: 1st. aromatic, as the carnation, the laurel, &c.; 2nd. frogront, as the lily, the crocus, the jasmine, &c.; 3rd. ambrosiac, among which are musk and amber; 4th. alliaceous, which are agreeable to some persons and disagreeable to others, and more or less of the character of garlic, assafœtida, for example, and several other gum-resinous juices; 5th. fetid, as those of the goat, of the rag-wort (orchis hircina), valerian, &c.; 6th. virulent, as those of Indian pink (l'aillet d'Inde), and manyplants of the family of the solaneæ (from solanum, the night-shade); 7th. nauseous, as the gourd, the cucumber, and those of its class.' - Longet, p. 151. (Bain 1955: 164)
Kurgil on iivelduse lõhn?
We may recognise them by their effect in stimulating and reviving the system, under the oppression and suffocation of a crowded assembly. (Bain 1955: 165)
See on juba nii-mitmes kord kui mainitakse hingamisraskusi rahvast täis ruumis. Liiga palju deflogistoniseeritud õhku? Lavoisier, selgita!
The opposite of freshness is shown in the close or suffocating odours. The effluvia of crowds, by acting on the lungs, have pre-eminently this damping and discouraging action on the powers of life, whence it is that we seek the open air, and the solitudes of nature, to shake off the depression and rooms and cities. The effluvia of warehouses, stores, and mills, where cotton, wool, cloths, &c., are piled up and ventilation is defective, are of a like unwholesome description. (Bain 1955: 165)
Mu elujõud! Te lämmatate neid!
It is doubtful, at least so far as my information goes, on what surface these effluvia operate, whether on the membrane of the nose exclusively, or partly on it and partly on the mucous surface of the tongue, throat, and stomach. (Bain 1955: 166)
Mu informatsioon ei lähe piisavalt kaugele.
The disagreeable marsh smell may be experienced in its strongest form by squeezing in the fingers the brown scum of a stagnant pond, and applying them to the nose. The varieties of bad odours are endless. (Bain 1955: 167)
Ära seda küll tee. Seisva veelombi muda tuleb ikka varvaste vahel litsuda üle tee bensiinijaama klienditeenindajaga silmkontakti luues.
A scratch, or a blow on the skin, an electric spark, a loud crash, a brilliant flame, a scorching heat, are all pungent effects, and seem to owe the pleasure they cause to the general excitement they diffuse over the system, and the lively expression that they give birth to. They rouse the system from ennui to enjoyment; they are a species of intoxication. (Bain 1955: 169)
Joovastav kratsimine.
The sulphurous and electrical odour is not radically different from the above class, so far as I am able to discriminate it. This odour has been traced to a particular substance discovered by Professor Schönbein and named by him ozone, from the Greek word signifying smell. (Bain 1955: 169)
Osoon lõhnab nagu lõhn.
The appetising smells might be treated as a class apart from the rest. The smell of flesh excites the carnivorous [|] appetite, and rouses the animal to pursuit. We may probably consider this influence as similar in its working to the first taste of savoury food; by the law of feeling-prompted movement, it sets on the activity for an increase of the gratification. (Bain 1955: 169-170)
Kas kitse (goat) lõhn on siis 'roiskuv' (fetid, lk 164, ülal) või 'isuäratav'? Mis on üldse primaarsed kvaliteedid? Hume seda võtaks.
The sexual excitement in some animals is induced by smell. Sympathy and antipathy are alike generated by odours. The influence of odours upon the voluptuous tender emotions has not escaped the notice of the poets. Cabanis observes that the odours of young animals are of a kind to attract, and he considers even to invigorate, the older. (Bain 1955: 170)
Inb4 pheromonemaxxing.
But the sensations of the skin are conveyed by distinct nervous filaments; each little area of skin has a separate nerve, and an independent communication with the nerve centres, whereby we can, after a little education, refer each sensation to the spot where the contact is made. (Bain 1955: 172)
The manifold of the flux.
Having made these preliminary remarks, we commence [|] as usual, with the objects, of external agents concerned in the sense of Touch. These are principally the solid substances of the outer world. (Bain 1955: 172-173)
Objektid on agendid.
The pressure of the atmosphere gives rise to no feeling, excepting from its temperature. Liquids also give very little feeling, if they are of the same warmth as the body. The sensations of a bath are confined to heat or cold, which are feelings that the skin has in common with other tissues. It is manifest that an even, equal pressure, such as fluids give, is not sufficient to impress the tactile nerves. (Bain 1955: 173)
Cue sensory deprivation tanks.
[...] and firm, as in the palmar surface of the hand and the sole of the foot, [...] (Bain 1955: 174)
Palmaarne, peopesaline.
I shall refrain from quoting the minute account of the nails and hairs, however interesting their structure in other points of view. (Bain 1955: 176)
Danke gott.
It is also a vast emunctory, by which a large amount of fluid is eliminated from the system, in this also resembling certain parts of the mucous membrane. (Bain 1955: 176)
Ee... Munktoorium?
Under certain conditions, moreover, it performs the office of an absorbing surface; but this function is greatly restricted by the epidermis. (Bain 1955: 176)
Teatud tingimustes võib mitte-hingavat imetajat elus hoida anaalse hapniku-manustamisega.
In the order of enumeration, I shall commence with the emotional feelings, and end with the intellectual. (Bain 1955: 178)
Mu emotsionaalsed tunded!
A good example is furnished by the contact of the under clothing with the general surface of the body, which is most perfect under the bedclothes at night. The glove not too tight on the hand is an instance. The extended hand, resisting on a cushion, or other soft body, is a sufficiently good type of the situation. (Bain 1955: 178)
Lebo.
Custom and inattention blunt our sensibility to it, but the contrasted state of nakedness reminds us again of its power. The blank sensation of the naked body is owing principally to the deprivation of touch. We cannot appreciate the full force of an extended contact without expressly attending to it, and this we rarely do. (Bain 1955: 178)
Kombekas tähelepanematus.
The nerves are shocked as by the prick of an instrument, and the over-intensity and asuddenness of the stimulus is a cause of pain. The nature of the sensation is not radically different from a cut in the skin, its peculiar smartness diffuses an excitement over the system of unparalleled rapidity. The retraction of the part would seem partly reflex, and partly the result of the general movement of the body that constitutes the expression of the feeling. It prompts the most decisive actions for avoiding the pain, and an intense mental aversion to all that relates to it. The intensity gives to it a hold in the memory not possessed by the luxurious feeling of diffused softness. Hence the efficacy of skin tortures in the discipline of all orders of sensitive beings. (Bain 1955: 179)
Peaks seda kuuma pliidirauda ikka veel näppima. Mis tundeid see minus seekord tekitab?
The sensation of wetness seems to be nothing else than a form of cold. (Bain 1955: 180)
See üks lause ongi kogu lõik. Aitab kah.
Itchiness is a peculiar form of painful sensation, strongly exciting us to mechanical irritation, as a means of relief, which, however, while only temporarily alleviating the evil, in the end increases it. The conflict of volitions thus arising is the worst part of the infliction. (Bain 1955: 181)
Kas sügada või sügeleda, selles on küsimus.
The hairs are themselves insensible, but the plucking of them causes acute pains. The place of attachment of the nails is the seat of a violent form of acute pain, which has a fatal facility of seizing on the imagination, and exciting revulsion even in idea. (Bain 1955: 181)
No sellel mehel ei ole küll kunagi sõrm mustaks tõmbunud ja küüs tervenisti sõrmest lahti öelnud ja tundetult, isegi hüvasti jätmata, oma teed läinud.
We pass now to the more intellectual sensations of Touch. (Bain 1955: 181)
Veel üks ühelauseline lõik ja see loeb nagu luulerida. Kuiva professori oma, aga siiski luulerida.
The superior sensibility of the tip of the tongue to the finger, is illustrated by the familiar observation, that a hole in a tooth seems very much exaggerated when felt by the tip of the tongue. (Bain 1955: 183)
Okei, Sebeok.
These tactile sensations whereby surfaces are discriminated, have a great degree of persistence in the recollection; something intermediate between tastes or smells, and sights. We do not revel in them as imagery it is true, but this would be accounted for by the superior hold that we have of the very same objects by means of sight. With the blind the case must be different; to them the outer world must be represented as outspread matters of contact; their visions of the surfaces of all things are visions of touch. (Bain 1955: 189)
No see on küll omamoodi luuleline rida.
Quality. (Emotional). This regards sounds as in themselves agreeable or disagreeable, apart from the intensity or quantity of the sonorous influence. Like sweet and bitter in Taste, there is a qualitative distinction of sounds into such as intrinsically possess the power of gratifying the sense of hearing, and those that give in an unmingled form the peculiar pain that we are capable of deriving through this organ. The terms, sweet, rich, mellow, are applied to the pleasing effects of pure sound. (Bain 1955: 202)
Mõtlen siin ainult sellest, kuidas Bacopa monnieri üks rahvapärastest nimetustest on "Herb of Grace", sest korralikus koguses manustamine teeb hääle nii pehmeks, sujuvaks ja mesiseks, et sellega võib ükskõik millest rääkides pea lauleldes metsloomi ligi meelitada nagu Disney printsess.
The rattle of carriages, the jingle of an iron work, the noise of a [|] cotton mill, the ringing of bells close to the ear, the discharge of ordnance, are all exciting from their intensity; to fresh and vigorous nerves plunged into them after quietness, these noises are an intense pleasure. They may be described, however, as a coarse excitement; there is a great cost of tear and wear of nerve for the actual satisfaction. (Bain 1955: 204-205)
Reivile.
Volume or Quantity. - This means the sound coming from a sounding mass of great surface or extent. The waves of the 'many sounding sea,' the thundery discharge, the howling winds, are voluminous sounds. A sound echoed from many sides is made voluminous. The shouts of a great multitude is a powerful instance of the voluminous. (Bain 1955: 205)
Kogesin seda ise hiljuti. Pärast konverentsi õhtusöögil istusid mitukümmend teadlast laudade taga üsna mitte-väga-suures ruumis ja ajasid kõrvalistujatega juttu. Täiesti tavaline asi. Aga kui mitukümmend inimest samal ajal kõik jutustavad, siis see kollektiivne jutusumin on nii valju, et mul oli reaalselt ebamugav ja tahtsin põgeneda. Ma kuulan pmst kogu aeg valjult muusikat kõrvaklappides, aga see sumin oli nii kaootiline ja valju, et hakkas tõepoolest närvidele.
The objects of sight include nearly all material bodies. Their visibility depends on their being acted on by Light, the most inscrutable of natural agents. Certain bodies, such as the Sun, the Stars, flame, solids at a high temperature, give origin to rays of light, and are called self-luminous. (Bain 1955: 213)
Kas valgus ei ole just kõige... nähtavam? Ilmsem? Kergemini-uuritavam? (Õnneks füüsika, mitte semiootika, küsimus.)
We come next to consider the organ of sight, the Eye. 'Besides the structures which compose the globe of the eye, and constitute it an optical instrument, there are certain external accessory parts, which protect that organ, and are intimately connected with the proper performance of its functions. These are known as the 'appendages of the eye,' (they have been named likewise tutamina oculi); and they include the eyebrows, the eyelids, the organs for secreting the sebaceous (or oily) matter, and the tears, together with the canals by which the latter fluid is conveyed to the nose.' [- Quain, p. 903] (Bain 1955: 215)
Muidugi on silmaümbruse jaoks ladinakeelne meditsiiniline termin kuskil olemas.
'The eyebrows are arched ridges, surmounting on each side the upper border of the orbit, and forming a boundary between the forehead and the upper eyelid. They consist of thick integument, studded with stiff, obliquely set hairs, under which lies some fat, with part of the two muscles named respectively the orbicular muscle of the eyelids and the corrugator of the eyebrows.' [Quain, p. 903] By this last-named muscle the eyebrows are drawn together, and at the same time downwards, so as to give [|] the frowning appearance of the eye; the opposite action of lifting and separating the eyebrows is performed by a muscle lying beneath the skin of the head termed the occipito-frontalis. In regulating the admission of light to the eye, and in the expression of the passions, these two muscles are called into play; the one is stimulated in various forms of pain and displeasure, the other in an opposite class of feelings. (Bain 1955: 215-216)
Tean, vägagi hästi tean ('Väga Teaduslikul Konverentsil' isegi ettekande teinud nende nö kulmulihaste treenimisest). See lihtsameelne eristus, et korrugaator väljendab valu ja ebamugavust ning frontalis vastupidist, mulle küll väga ei meeldi, aga samas tundub väga kohane, et Tucker Carlson, kes kogu aeg korrugeerib kui ta teisi inimesi kõnelemas kuulab, tegelikult tunneb valu ja ebamugavust, sest ta ei saa parasjagu ise rääkida.
The retina is a compound membrane, consisting of three distinct layers, only one of three, the middle layer, being made up of purely nervous matter. The outer layer, in contact with the choroid, termed the membrane of Jacob, is made up of small columns or rods standing perpendicular to the surface, and each sharpened to a point at their outer extremities. The columns are of two different kinds, the one being smaller and more numerous than the other. The small rods are solid, six-sided bodies, grouped round the larger, these last being also the shorter of the two, and cleft at the point where they touch the choroid. (Bain 1955: 220)
Hexagon is the bestagon.
It must, however, be observed that perfect discrimination resides only in a limited spot of the eye, or in that part where an object lies when we concentrate our attention upon it. Thus, although I see a wide prospect, my power of minute discrimination is confined to a place where I am said to be looking, that is, on the line of the axis of the eye. In the border of the field of view everything is dim and vague. (Bain 1955: 229)
Fokaalne.
The influence of the solar ray is evidently favourable to the animal functions - the respiration or digression, &c., probably through both physical and mental causes; at any rate the feeling engendered is freshening and cheering, and can often suffice to support the frame of mind against the depressing organic influences, thus manifesting by a neutralising efficacy the full equality above asserted between it and them. (Bain 1955: 234)
Just arutasime H-ga, et vb on depressioon seotud ka valguse kogusega, mis silma jõuab: masendunud inimese silmalaud on rasked, vähem valgust siseneb silma; vs päikesepaiste käes saavad silmanärvid ja seeläbi aju ehk stimulatsiooni, mis on vaimse tervise jaoks vajalik. St tuleb ikka päikesevalgust nautida nii palju kui võimalik, käia maailmas ringi avatud silmadega ja võtta sisse nii palju kui võimalik.
The distinction of the sensations of sight as respects the intellect is well marked, as I shall have occasion to notice again. These are more persistent and recoverable than any others as a general rule, and hence we are able to live them over again in the life of ideas. (Bain 1955: 234)
Nojah, ideed ehk ettekujutused on tõepoolest juba etümoloogiliselt visuaalsed.
Two colours harmonize, if one is a primitive colour, and the other a certain mixture of the two remaining colours: thus red harmonizes with green (formed out of yellow and blue); blue harmonizes with orange or gold (a mixture of red and yellow); yellow harmonizes with violence (red and blue). The eye, excited by one of these colours, desiderates, and feels refreshed by the other. (Bain 1955: 237)
Kunagi ammu nägin ülevaadet filmiplakatitest (või DVD kaanepiltidest), mis näitas värviharmoonia kasutamist ja sellest ajast saadik on tekkinud tahtmatu vastumeelsus sinise ja oranžiga piltide vastu.
I do not say that we have yet the perception or notion of a thing external to ourselves, moving through space at a certain speed, because this perception implies a concurrence of senses; such a concurrence of these combined eye-sensations with other senses and movements being, as I believe, the only thing needed to make up the perception as we find it. (Bain 1955: 241)
Jälle.
The gallop of a horse is a series of moving pictures that leave a trace behind them, and are revived as such. The motions that constitute the carriage and expression of an animal or a man, demand particular movements of the eye in order to take them in, and store them up among our permanent notions. All the gestures, modes of action, and changes of feature that emotion inspires are visible to the eye as an assemblage of movements, and we recognise such movements as marking agreement or difference among individuals and between different passions. (Bain 1955: 242)
Carriage?
It has been remarked above, that in seeing a line which crosses the field of view, the impression left consists of a distinct portion of the line corresponding to the centre of the retina continued into indistinctness in the circumference of the retina. So in looking at a retreating line, we have to describe a movement of adaptation as we pass along, and the effect at any one instant would be a distinct view of one portion, while the other portions are indistinct and confused. (Bain 1955: 245)
Fokaalne.
The taking in of nourishment, the ejection of what is formed to be thrown out, [|] the supply of air, the alternation of exercise and rest, the gratification and repose of the various senses, - all these operations are attended to through the prompting of uneasy sensation. (Bain 1955: 249-250)
Väga delikaatne.
I may further remark, what is probably familiar to most persons, that a sense of fatigue often arises soon after commencing any laborious operation, which disappears after a time, and is not connected with real exhaustion. (Bain 1955: 251)
Siis kui hakkad matemaatika kodutööd tegema ja aju otsustab, et tal pole rohkem glükoosi vaja ning tegelikult võiks üldse magama minna (pidavat olema päris neuroloogiline mehhanism).
The Appetite that brings the Sexes together is founded on certain secretions which periodically accumulate within the system, producing a feeling of oppression until they are either discharged or absorbed, there being a certain intense pleasure in discharging them for the ends of reproduction. (Bain 1955: 254)
Väga kindlad eritised ja naudingud.
In all the three regions of mind, - Emotion, Volition, and Intellect, - there is of necessity a certain primordial structure, the foundation of all that a human being ever becomes. There are also certain arrangements not included in the sphere of consciousness, or mind proper, that yet form links in our mental actions; as, for example, the reflex movements already noticed. (Bain 1955: 256)
The universe of the mind.
When consciousness is feebly excited so are they, so feebly that no visible manifestation results; when a stronger excitement is applied, they waken up in proportion. In a cultivated shape, they make the gesticulation and display that constitutes the usual expression or natural language of feeling, which no man and no people is devoid of, while some nations show it in a remarkable degree. (Bain 1955: 260, footnote)
Tunnete loomulik keel.
I must now mention more particularly the associated or consensual movements, or those that are so connected as to act together. (Bain 1955: 267)
Kooskõlastatud liigutused.
The same author further observes, that 'the less perfect action of the nervous sytem, the more frequently do associate motions occur. (Bain 1955: 269)
Esimene kirjaviga, mille sellest raamatust olen leidnud: süteem - süttiv eem?
When the eye is gazing attentively on an object, the whole body is spontaneously arrested, the features are tensed, the mouth open; the same harmonizing fixity is observed in the act of listening. So a movement in one part propagates itself to other parts unless a special check is maintained. The movements of the eye excite the whole body. Vocal utterance brings on gesticulation. The pace of movement is also rendered harmonious. Rapid movements of the eye from exciting spectacles make all the other movements rapid. Slow speech is accompanied by languid gestures. In rapid walking, the very thoughts are quickened. (Bain 1955: 270)
Kõndimise filosoofia. Selgroostimulatsioon võib-olla.
The muscles of the eyebrow have been already pointed out. The occipito-frontalis descends over the forehead, and is inserted into the eyebrow; this it raises or arches; it is opposed by the corrugator supercilii, which corrugates or wrinkles the forehead, drawing the eyebrows together. These are preeminently muscles of expression, although also employed as voluntary muscles for the purposes of vision. (Bain 1955: 277)
Päris julge väide.
With regard to the instinctive play of those various muscles under Emotion, the first remark to be made is, that in the gay and pleasing emotions the face is opened out [|] laterally by the action of the muscles that draw the parts away from the middle line. The principal muscles engaged in this action are the buccinator and zygomatici for the mouth, and the occipito-frontalis for the eyebrows. On the other hand, in painful states, the features are drawn towards the middle line by the action of the corrugator for the eyebrows and the orbicularis for the mouth. The expansion and contraction are also observable from above downwards; for the action that separates the eyebrows lifts them, while the corrugator both draws together and depresses the same parts. (Bain 1955: 280-281)
Mitte ebahuvitav.
Müller's application of the term 'voluntary' to the initial movements prompted solely by the state of tension of the nerve centres is not strictly correct; these movements are but one term of the couple that makes up an act of volition; both a feeling and a movement are necessary parts of every such act. A morsel of food on the tongue sets a-going the movements of mastication; this is a voluntary effort, an effort prompted and controlled by a feeling, nmaely, the sensation of taste or relish. Acts performed without any stimulus of feeling are usually described as involuntary; such are the spasms of disease and the reflex movements already noticed. (Bain 1955: 292)
Tõtt-öelda pole ma kunagi varem mõelnud sellele, et tahtlik tegu nõuab sellele eelnevat tunnet(ust). Praegu ei oska peast isegi öelda, kas Clay järgib selles Baini või mitte.
The voice, being a moving or active organ, presents all the mental facts and phenomena belonging to the moving organs in general. Exercise gives birth in it to a mass of feeling of the muscular kind, pleasurable when within due limits, with sense of fatigue and need of repose. (Bain 1955: 309)
Hääl on organ? Objektid on agendid. - Kui palju kohvi selles purgis on? Null. Purk sisaldab ainult kohviube, mitte kohvi.
Let us now proceed to view the Intellect, or the thinking portion of the mind. The various faculties known under such names as Memory, Reason, Abstraction, Judgment, &c., are modes or varieties of Intellect. Although we can scarcely ever exert this portion of our mental system in separation from the other elements of mind, namely, Emotion and Volition, yet scientific method requires it to be described apart. (Bain 1955: 315)
Abstraktsioon?
The persistence or continuance of sensations and other mental states, after the withdrawal of the external agent, or stimulus, is a notable characteristic of the mind, not implied, as it seems to me, in the mere fact of consciousness. In consequence of this property, we are enabled to live a life in ideas, in addition to the life in actualities. (Bain 1955: 315)
Inimmõistus elab samaaegselt in presentia ja in absentia.
The power of recovering, or reviving, under the form of ideas, past or extinct sensations and feelings of all kinds, without the originals, and by mental agencies alone. (Bain 1955: 315)
Kõige raskemat tööd teeb siin "under the form of ideas". Kas naudingu meenutamine on samaväärne naudingu endaga? Oleks see vaid nii - kõike võiks sooritada täpselt ühe korra, jätta hästi meelde ja rohkemat poleks vajagi.
Although we can hardly avoid using such terms as 'recover,' 'revive,' 'reproduce,' 'recollect,' with reference to Sensations, it is to be borne in mind that there is a radical difference between the Sensation and the recollection of the Sensation, or what is properly termed the Idea. This fundamental or unerasable difference relates to the sense of objective reality which belongs to the sensation, and not to the idea. The sensation caused by the sight of the sun in one thing, and the idea or recollection of the sun is another thing; for although the two resemble each other, they yet differ in this vital particular. For many purposes, the idea can stand in the room of the sensation; the recollection of things often answers the same ends as the real presence. But there is one great question connected with our science, in which this distinction is the turning point of the problem, namely, the question as to our perception and belief of an external world. In discussing that subject, we shall have to attend closely to the circumstances that characterise a sensation as distinct from the counterpart idea. (Bain 1955: 315, footnote)
See "sense of objective reality" kõlab nagu Clay 'midagi muud', mis eristab reaalseid objekte ebareaalsetest objektidest.
The discrimination of conscious states, or the comparing of them one with another, with sense of agreement and difference, belongs to this department of mind. The fact of persistence is herein implied, for comparison cannot take place unless the traces of the past exist along with the present. (Bain 1955: 316)
Lihtlabane metakognitsioon.
Originality, or invention, is sustained by processes purely intellectual. By these processes, the compass of both Emotion and Action is enlarged in a most remarkable degree. (Bain 1955: 316)
Tunded ja tegevus iseenesest traditsioonist ei hälbi?
It is, I believe, a fact that Consciousness is not indispensable to the operations of Intellect. If so, this is a broad line of distinction between Intellect and the other regions of mind, for Consciousness makes up one of those regions, and is an essential part of the other. (Bain 1955: 316)
Teadvus (Consciousness), mõistus (Mind), intellekt (Intellect), arutlusvõime (Reason) ja veel mitu rohkem- ja vähemtuntud ämblikmeest osutavad üksteise suunas nimetissõrmega.
Intellect may work in different degrees of combination with the remaining functions of mind. Science is the best example of its most pure manifestation. When blended with Emotion, the most interesting product is Fine Art; as the handmaid of Volition, directed to practical ends, it yields the higher combinations of Industry and Business. (Bain 1955: 316)
Sellest modelleerivate süsteemide reast on puudu mäng. (Siin on tegelikult huvitav, et "teadus" on mõistuse puhas toodang ja teadus justkui ei puutu kokku praktiliste eesmärkidega - Tööstus ja Äri ei vaja teadust. Kas kapitalism on mind mürgitanud eeldusega, et teadus on peamiselt praktiline (pragma järgi nö "asjasse-puutuv").
'Mr. Stewart has made an ingenious attempt to explain sundry of the phænomena referred to the occult principle of habit, in his chapter on Attention, in the first volume of his Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind. It is to be regretted that he had not studied (he even treats it as inconceivable) the Leibnitzian doctrine of what has not been well denominated, obscure perceptions, or ideas - that is, acts and affections of mind, which, manifesting their existence in their effects, are themselves out of consciousness or apperception. The fact of such latent mental modifications is now established beyond all rational doubt; and on the supposition of their reality, we are able to solve various psychological phænomena otherwise inexplicable. Among these are many of those attributed to Habit.' - Sir W. Hamilton, Edition of Reid, p. 551. (Bain 1955: 316, footnote)
Väga kerge ette kujutada härra Kelly-t just neid ridu sügavalt vaagimas.
The revival, or reappearance of past states of mind by mere mental operations, is subject to fixed laws. These became the subject of investigation soon after the commencement of speculative thought. They are termed Laws of Mental Association, Suggestion, or Reproduction; and the first explicit statement of them is due to Aristotle. I shall treat them as four in number, two benig simple and fundamental, and two complex. (Bain 1955: 317)
Oijummel, assotsiatsiooniseadustest saanud assotsiatsiooni-, suggestiooni- ja reproduktsiooniseadused? Millisesse rappa suggestioon veel viib? - Kahtlustan, et millalgi tuleb Trotter, McDougall ja Freud üle lugeda (vb oli tõesti natuke ennatlik minust hüpata varajasse sotsiaalpsühholoogiasse ilma varajast psühholoogiat tundmata - aga kes tänapäeval oleks võinud üldse öelda, mis tähtsust ja tähendust evis "soovitus").
This associating principle [Law of Contiguity] is the basis of Memory, Habit, and the Acquired Powers in general. Writers on Mental Science have described it under various names. Sir William Hamilton terms it the law of 'Redintegration,' regarding it as the principle whereby one part of a whole brings up the other parts, as when one syllable of a name recals the rest, or one house in a street suggests the succeeding ones. The associating links called Order in Time, Order in Place, and Cause and Effect are all included under it. We might also name it the law of Adhesion, Mental Adhesiveness, or Acquisition. (Bain 1955: 318)
Üleeile jäin sõbrale redintegratsiooni seletamisega hätta ja pidin otsingumootoriga määratlust pärima, head seletust leidmata. Oleks võinud öelda "metonüümia" ja olnud koheselt arusaadav.
As a general rule, repetition is necessary in order to render coherent in the mind a train or aggregate of images, as, for example, the successive aspects of a public way, with a sufficient degree of force to make one suggest the others at an after period. (Bain 1955: 318)
Käin korduvalt sama teed, õpin seda teed tundma. Geniaalne.
The tongue is an organ with many movements, and all voluntary; these commence of their own accord, and are strengthened and as it were developed by repetition. (Bain 1955: 320)
Allub täielikult minu tahtele, st teeb mis ise tahab? Kumb siis.
In a great number of mechanical successions, the feeling of the effect produced at each stage is an essential link in the transition to the next. Thus in writing, the sight of the part last formed is the preamble to what comes next, as much so as the motion executed; in which case the sequence is not one of pure motions - one motion bringing on the next in the habitual order. (Bain 1955: 323)
Inimene on SLM - Small Language Model.
The trains of action thus acquired cost the smallest amount of mental fatigue in the performance; they may, moreover, go on with the mind employed upon other things. In the execution of work these are valuable characteristics; on the other hand, inasmuch as all such actions cease to occupy the mind, they leave it a prey to ennui if other occupation is not provided. Thus in devotional ceremonies that have reached this point of adhesion, there is apt to be a loss of interest. (Bain 1955: 324)
Going through the motions. - Teen vajalikud liigutused, aga vaimselt viibin mujal.
This voluntary effort may be stimulated by emotion or excitement. Terror is a very common stimulus applied to a learner. The objection to it is the cost, both in suffering and nervous waste. The best of all stimulants is a strong liking for the thing in hand. (Bain 1955: 328)
Sa ei saa mind õpetada (you can't learn me nothing). Ma võin ainult õppida. Sina saad vaid näidata, et asi on huvitav ja äge, et selle õppimine on mingitpidi meeldiv.
The continuance and revival of a feeling of movement, without the movement itself, make a new and distinct case for the associating principle to wark upon: a case, too, of very great interest as introducing us into the sphere of Thought. (Bain 1955: 329)
Vist kogun nüüd sfääre, et E-le üks korralik ballpit kokku klopsida. Küll siis kümbleme.
This transition from the external to the internal, from the Reality to the Idea, - the greatest leap that can be taken within the compass of the present work, - needs to be introduced by a consideration of the question, what is the probable seat, or local embodiment, of a sensation or mechanical feeling, when persisting after the fact, or when revived without the [|] reality? The discussion of this question will interrupt, for a few pages, our exemplification of the law of contiguous adhesiveness. (Bain 1955: 329-330)
Liiga lihtne. Võib-olla isegi lihtsameelne.
A movement is a complex thing; looked at from without, it is an exertion of physical or mechanical force; to the inward consciousness it yields a manifestation such as we have endeavoured to describe. Both the one and the other may be associated in trains, by virtue of the same law of adhesiveness on repetition; but what is more, the Feelings of a series of movements may be associated and revive one another without the movements themselves being revived. A mechanic can repeat to his mind all the operations of a day's work just as well as he can go through the reality. This implies the possibility of separating the feeling from the acts. (Bain 1955: 330)
Meenub kuidas lehtmetallitööstuses stantsijana töötades seadistasin unes ka masinat (muidugi valesti, nii, et masinat tööle lülitades käib selline pauk, mis äratab üles).
The retentiveness of impressions is the foundation of everything else in the intellectual fabric. The power of the chords once struck to vibrate by their own energy is the beginning of the second stage of mind, of that wherein the past and the present are brought together. (Bain 1955: 331)
Mis kasu on tähelepanust ja keskendumisvõimest kui mälu on kehv?
We cannot look at two outward things in the same instant of time; and if the impression of the first were to die when we pass to the second, there would be no comparison and no feeling of preference. Volition would be impossible; for that supposes a preference of one state of mind to another, a past to a present, or a present to a past. (Bain 1955: 331)
Selgitab miks just keegi, kes tahab vaba tahte teemal sügavat arutelu arendada võiks vermida specious present-i.
It is always to be remembered, that although scientific method requires us to take the different aspects of mind apart, yet in the mind itself they are always working together; Emotion, Intellect, and Volition, concur in almost every manifestation. In treating of one we are obliged to assume the others, if we do not specifically bring them forward. (Bain 1955: 331)
Intellekt ikka veel määratlemata? Või magasin ma midagi maha? Ei meeldi mulle "Intellekt" Kolmasusena.
For where should a past feeling be re-embodied if not in the same organs as the feeling when present. It is only in this way that its identity can be preserved; a feeling differently embodied must to all intents and purposes be a different feeling, unless we suppose a duplicate brain on which everything past is to be transferred. But such duplication has no proof and serves no end. (Bain 1955: 333)
Oota, ma tõmban veel oma eelmist nädalat arvutisse. Kümme minti veel, siis võime minna raudlatiga ludiite peksma.
No better example could be furnished than the vocal recollections. When we recal the impression of a word or a sentence, if we do not speak it out, we feel the twitter of the organs just about to come to that point. The articulating parts, - the larynx, the tongue, the lips, - are all sensibly excited; a suppressed articulation is in fact the material of our recollection, the intellectual manifestation, the idea of speech. Some persons of weak or incontinent nerves can hardly think without muttering - they talk to themselves. The excitement of the parts may be very slight; it may hardly go the length of affecting the muscles in a sensible way, but in the brain and communicating nerves, it still passes the same rounds in a greatly enfeebled degree. (Bain 1955: 334)
See lugu, et kui panna kaela ümber selle jaoks kohandatud mikrofonidega krae, siis saaks inimeste sisemonoloogi pealt kuulata.
Müller has furnished several in point. He says, 'the mere idea of a nauseous taste can excite the sensation even to the production of vomiting. The quality of the sensation is the property of the sensitive nerve, which is here excited without any external agent.' (Bain 1955: 335)
Tean seda omast kogemusest: piisab, et kujutan ette klaasitäie brahmi joomisest ja juba tulevad judinad, kananahk ihule ja tahtmine oksendada.
We might think of a blow in the hand until the skin was actually irritated and inflamed. The attention very [|] much directed to any part of the body, as the great toe, for instance, is apt to produce a distinct feeling in the part, which we account for only by supposing a revived nerve current to flow there, making a sort of false sensation, an influence from within mimicking the influences from without in sensation proper. (Bain 1955: 335-336)
Samuti tuttav asi. Keegi kuskil (võib-olla mõnes ammu loetud raamatus) soovitas magama jäämiseks keskenduda kehaosadele, käia varvastest sõrmedeni kõik närviühendused läbi, tunnetada neid (saata sinna närvisignaale). Miks või kuidas see magama aitab jääda, ikka veel ei tea.
The impressions of sight are so much more enduring and revivable than any others, that we hardly ever think of a visible body otherwise than as seen by the eye; a workman desiderating a hammer thinks of its appearance to his eye, and not of its contact to his hand, although he is quite able to judge of it by this last feature. (Bain 1955: 346)
Esimest korda näen desiderata-t tegusõnana.
In acquiring associations of Sounds we have to encounter the supplating tendency of the voice in the most interesting instances, namely, articulate and musical sounds. For while intently listening to a speech, we are very liable to follow the speaker with a suppressed articulation of our own, whereby we take the train of words into a vocal embrace, as well as receive it passively on the sense of hearing. (Bain 1955: 347)
Seda ma vist küll ei ole kogenud. Lähim sarnane mulle tuttav kogemus on vist selline, et kui kõneleja (nt konverentsil ettekanne) on igav või jälgimisega on raskusi, siis kujutan vaimusilmas ette, kuidas ma iga järgneva kuuldud sõna kirja paneks - peas trükin, transkribeerin.
Sensations of sight, as we have seen, are compounded of [|] visual spectra and muscular feelings. A visible picture is, in fact, a train of rapid movements of the eyes, hither and thither, over luminous points, lines, and surfaces. (Bain 1955: 349-350)
Jälle see Manivald (manifold).
As regards forms that belong neither to Art nor to Science, and possess not the fascination of beauty or the interest of comprehensive truth, we must depend principally, I apprehend, upon the unheightened plasticity of the optic circles. (Bain 1955: 354)
Ilu on ligitõmbav.
This contrast of the intensive and the extensive expresses in a general way the difference of the man of science from the scholar; artistic considerations being equally foreign to both. [|] The retention of a map or a complex plan belongs to the scholarly and not the scientific memory. I do not deny the existence of an additional stimulus of the nature of a scholarly interest in the end and purpose of maps and languages, but I do not think that this occurs so manifestly to heighten the plastic adhesion as happens in the two other cases. (Bain 1955: 354-355)
Teadlane ja õpetlane on erinevad liigid.
Newton made an experiment of gazing at the sun, until the solar image took possession of his eyes, and sustained itself for several weeks against his will. The overpowering strength of the impression in this case produced a diseased persistency. (Bain 1955: 358)
Stabiilne geenius.
Movements with Sensations. - Under this title I would cite the association of actions with sensible signs, as in all that department of lingual acquisition wherein names have the meaning of command, direction, guidance, control. Every movement that we make is connected with a certain form of words or a particular signal, for the purpose of setting it on at any time. The child learns to connect vocal sounds with its various actions, and thus becomes amenable to command and direction. This education is continued all through life, and the signs for indicating action may be varied without end. The notes of the bugle, the signals at sea, the directions posted up on the walls, have all this acquired power of commanding movements. The same association enters into the education of [|] animals; the horse and the dog soon learn to connect specific actions with the language, tones, and looks of human beings. Long before children possess the power of utterance themselves, many of their actions are associated with the sounds of language as uttered by others. (Bain 1955: 359-360)
Semiootiline. Konatiivne, isegi. Siin on täitsa selline materjal, millele leiab vabalt vasteid Peirce'i kogutud kirjutistest. Koheselt meenub tema arutelu sõjaväes kasutatavatest käsklustest.
There is no possible knowledge of the world except in reference to our minds. Knowledge means a state of mind; the notion of material things is a mental thing. We are incapable of discussing the existence of an independent material [|] world; the very act is a contradiction. We can speak only of a world presented to our own minds. By an illusion of language, we fancy that we are capable of contemplating a world which does not enter into our own mental existence; but the attempt belies itself for this contemplation is an effort of mind. (Bain 1955: 370-371)
Pole märke ilma tõlgendajata ja enesetapp on kogu maailma tapmine.
When we come to communicate with other beings, and ascertain by the signs of communication that they pass through the same experience as ourselves, this enhances still more the constancy of the association between our sensations and the corresponding active energies. (Bain 1955: 275)
Huvitav kas ta eristab ka suhtlusmärke, tähistusmärke ja lihtsalt informatiivseid märke, nagu mõned (ei taha nimesid nimetada) teevad.
The discrimination of degrees of a feeling of sense, - a relish, a coolness, a taste, an impression of colour, - has three aspects, in accordance with the threefold partition of mind; that is to say, it may be an Emotional, a Volitional, or an Intellectual discrimination. (Bain 1955: 387)
Eritlused on kategoriseeritud.
The difference between the visible tint of brown sugar and the colour of mustard is very small; as objects to the eye yielding emotions of colour, they may be said to be hardly at all distinguished; they have no such difference as exists between a lump of mud and a brilliant nosegay. (Bain 1955: 389)
Misasia?
Hence we can understand how purely intellectual is the whole machinery of signs, marks, ciphers, symbols, artificial representations, made use of in the business of life and in the various sciences. (Bain 1955: 392)
Okei siis. Kui puhtalt intellektuaalne siis puhtalt intellektuaalne.
There are occasions when a person should write down their feelings in order to preserve the most faithful record that can be had of them, just as a scientific observer distrusts recollection in the details of complicated facts. (Bain 1955: 396)
Naljakas asi mida lugeda täpselt siis kui ma ise otsustasin hakata omal (veidral) moel päevikut pidama.
Egotistic and selfish emotion diffuses itself over all matters related to self; and the objects that a man surrounds himself with come to reflect the sense of his dignity and importance. According as this feeling is indulged, associations grow up between it and a great variety of things. Possessions, office, the fruits of one's labour, the symbols of rank, are all overgrown with this connexion, and radiate the feelings of self-complacency and importance to the mind. The members of one's family are objects not simply of tender affection, but of affection and egotism combined. So with friends, and with all the objects of our habitual admiration. It is impossible to be in the constant practice of loving or admiring anything, without coming at last to connect the object with self; the disinterested regard that first attracts us to persons, becomes, by indulgence, interested affection. (Bain 1955: 398)
Pähh. Vali selflessnessless.
Before passing from this subject, I may remark that there is a certain refining effect frequently produced by keeping the original cause of a feeling at a distance, and viewing it thus through a medium. Thus the sensation of healthy functions is one of our principal enjoyments; the hue and fulness that are the outward aspect of health are pleasurable by association, and according to Alison are beautiful; the one degree of remove from direct consciousness converts a sensual pleasure into a sentimental one. Waving corn-fields, heavy and ripe, are agreeable objects by association with the supply of our bodily wants, and the delight is refined upon by keeping at some distance the actual and ultimate sensations that give all the force to the appearance. (Bain 1955: 401)
Mhm. Kui ma vaatan linnasisese varjulise metsatuka peale ja hindan naatide (Aegopodium podagraria) ühtlast rohelist katet, siis ainult selle pärast, et ma olen ähmaselt teadlik, et see umbrohuna koheldud taim sattus siia saksade iluaedadest ja tegelikult on tegu ravimtaimega, mis pidavat mingitpidi mõistust turgutama ja noorena proovisin korra või paar seetõttu toorestest naadilehtedest teed teha. Vahetu esteetiline tunnetus on petlik. Kõige taga on kehalised vajadused. Kõige.
The reading of Emotional expression. - An interesting case of associated feeling is our being able to interpret the signs of feeling in our fellow-beings, by which we are not merely made aware of their state of mind, but also derive a large amount of pleasurable and painful feeling in ourselves. The influence of the smile or the frown, so powerful in human life, is purely an associated influence. There is nothing intrinsic in the lines and forms of feature displayed in the act of smiling to cause the pleasure occasioned by this manifestation. (Bain 1955: 401)
Näoilmete lugemine/tõlgendamine. Huvitav, mida ta peaks siis mitte-assotsieeritud mõjuks. Füüsiline/mehhaaniline, keemiline mõju? Putukate feromoonid? Kui naeratuse mõju on ka justkui kokkuleppeline, siis mis jääb üle?
The meaning of a smile, together with the susceptibility to the cheering influence of it, are learnt among the early acquisitions of infancy. The child comes to see that this expression accompanies the substantial pleasures that need no association to give them their character. The smile of the parent, or of the nurse, means all the agreeables of food, dress, play, spectacle, excitement, society. The frown is as invariably connected with privation and pains. An enduring association thus obtains between one cast of feature and all the good things of life, and between another expression and the ills that human power can inflict; and hence the one is able to diffuse a gladdening influence, while the other tends to excite a feeling a depression and gloom. All through life we are subject to these influences of associated emotion. So there are tones of voice that in the same way can cause pleasure or pain by a power of suggestion. (Bain 1955: 401-402)
Kuskil ülal kirjutas ta pimedana sündinud lapsest, kes üllatusega tõstis käed, peopesad ja sõrmed ülespoole. Ilmselt selleks ajaks ei olnud veel teateid pimedana sündinud inimestest, kes sellegipoolest (kordagi naeratust ise nägemata) naeratasid - ilmselt oligi Darwinil vaja oma näoilmete-raamat kirjutaga, et sellist informatsiooni koguda ja korrastada.
The first argument against instinctive imitation is the fact that no imitation whatever takes place during the first few months of infant existence. So far as my observation goes, there is very little during the first year. But a primitive impulse ought to show itself much earlier than this. (Bain 1955: 406)
Falsch.
The thing about us that maintain fixed places and relations become connected in idea as they are in reality, and the mind thus takes on a phantasmagoric representation of our habitual environment. The house we live in, with its furniture and fittings, the street, town, or rural scene that we encounter daily, - by their incessant iteration cohere into abiding recollections, and any one part easily brings all the rest into the view. These familiar haunts exemplify the highest degree of pictorial adhesion that we can ever attain to, being impressed by countless repetitions and strong natural interest. We likewise associate a number of human beings with their abodes, dresses, avocations, and all other constant accompaniments. (Bain 1955: 414)
Cognitive mapping.
In like manner, the properties of a plant are not completely summed up and aggregated in the mind, till in addition to all the aspects it presents by itself, other plants are taken along with it, as of the same species, genus, and family. (Bain 1955: 417)
Kui ise kirjutaks artiklit ühest taimest, siis see küll ei päde, sellest ei piisa. Keskkond, sümbiootilised (mikro)organismid, keemilised koostisosad, kuidas on uuritud mõju inimesele jne. Pelgalt võrdlus teiste taimedega oleks üsna tühine ja tähtsusetu.
Apart from this circumstance of special interest in the unwinding of the future, the associations of evolution are not materially different from the conjunctions of still life, these being also unavoidably successive. The pages of a book, or the houses of as treet, exist contemporaneously, but cannot be viewed otherwise than successively. (Bain 1955: 420)
Redintegreerime lehekülgi.
But as a general rule, causation, when distinctly apparent, - that is, when the two or more members of the succession are clearly ascertained and contemplated by the mind, - impresses itself much more easily than the successions of things in a sweep of landscape, or the stages of vegetable or animal life. There is in man a natural liking for effects, owing to the mental stimulus they give; and much of the pleasure of life is made up of this kind of excitement. (Bain 1955: 422)
Mõned vabast tahtest kirjutajad on vaimustunud laelambilülititest (vajutad nuppu ja saab valgus!), mina isiklikult samamoodi klaviatuurist (vajutad nuppu ja ilmub märk!).
Here, too, as in the cases above noted, the rousing of a human being from quiescence to animation, is a startling effect which arrests and impresses the beholder. Most persons are susceptible to these sudden changes in the expression of living beings; they constitute a great part of our interest in society and in the drama. By noting those various movements of expression in connexion with the causes of them, we become impressed with innumerable sequences of cause and effect, of which one member can at any time recal the other; and the recollections thus formed make up a large portion of our knowledge of the ways and characters of mankind. (Bain 1955: 423)
Haakub natuke selle väitega, et inimese nägu ei tee "ilusaks" mitte kuju ja sümmeetria, vaid animeeritus ja ekspressiivsus, st "ilus" on väljendusrikas nägu (isegi kui kuju ei ole iseenesest kaunis ega sümmeetriline; füsioloogia trumpab anatoomiat, funktsioon struktuuri).
To all these causes of special attention to the phenomena of humanity, we are to add the strong passions and emotions that have our fellow beings for their subjects, and we shall then see how it comes that the natural, if not 'the proper study of mankind is man.' (Bain 1955: 424)
Alexander Pope, An Essay on Man (1834).
A learner's progress will be vitally dependent on the absence of any other engrossing passion or pursuit. This makes it of so great consequence to have a certain amount of exclusive liking for the subject, whatever it may be. (Bain 1955: 428)
Huvitav peab olema.
The earliest acquisitions of the purely verbal kind, such as prayers, rhymes, and stories, bring to the test the natural force of the verbal memory. The less the appreciation of meaning, the better the criterion afforded of pure verbal adhesiveness. This quality, when strongly manifested, is the basis of lingual scholarship, and of what is called memory by rote. It manifests the presence of a good articulate ear, and probably a high degree of the adhesive association by contiguity. (Bain 1955: 431)
Iseenesest ei tahaks nõustuda, aga siit jääb mulje, et minu keeleõppestrateegia - kõigepealt kuulata kaua õpitavas keeles (räpp)muusikat - võib olla õige.
Many forms of cadence prevail in the world. Each nation has characteristic strains of this kind; the foreigner, never so perfect in the pronunciation of the words of another language, is detected by the absence of the national manner in his spoken music. (Bain 1955: 434)
Jaunis.
Instead of occupying ourselves wholly with the sensible present, we must be continually passing to and fro between it and the ideal absent, thus checking our movements by incessant comparison. All this proceeding is contrary to the bent of the natural mind. It shows how the operation of intellect transcends the operation of sense, in this way, namely, that intellect can mix any amount of the past and distant with the consideration of the present, a power extensively drawn upon in the mathematical and other abstract sciences. (Bain 1955: 438)
Not specious?
The management of human beings, which is a large department of practical life, proceeds upon certain active qualities that give a natural influence and ascendency over others, and upon a knowledge of the ways and tempers of men. (Bain 1955: 440)
Vt humanitaaride üllatav edukus ärimaailmas. Tuleb välja, et avar maailmapilt on... kasulik?
The ploughman's active day is summed up in the furrowed field that is pictured in his mind in the evening retrospect. The soldier in a field-day remembers less his own exertions than the movements of the collective battalions as they took place before his eyes. Hence it is that remembered actions may be to a great extent remembered appearances, and so far the case now in hand is in noways different from the preceding. (Bain 1955: 446)
Mäletame paremini seda, mida me nägime teisi meie ümber tegemas kui seda, mida me ise tegime.
It is impossible to state with any precision the comparative intensity of the adhesive growth at different ages, but there can be no doubt of the fact of its gradual diminution from infancy to old age. Bodily acquisitions are easiest while the organs are still flexible, apart from the plastic adhesiveness of the brain; hence a maximum age is fixed for receiving recruits in the military service. At the present time, I believe the age of twenty-three is the extreme term of admission. Up to this age any bodily habit is easily assumed; the moral discipline of obedience is also comparatively easy. (Bain 1955: 449)
Praegu räägitakse, et inimaju areneb umbes 25nda eluaastani. Noorus tuleb veeta raamatuid lugedes ja trenni tehes, et ülejäänud kaks/kolmandikku elust selle pagasi peal liugu lasta. Need noored, kes üritavad oma esimesel veerandsajandil täiselu (pidu ja pillekaart) elada, tulistavad iseendale jalga (pidu ja pillerkaar jäävad lühikeseks).
The system of cramming is a scheme for making temporary acquisitions, regardless of the endurance of them. Excitable brains, that can command a very great concentration of force upon a subject, will be proportionably impressed for the time being. By drawing upon the strength of the future, we are able to fix temporarily a great variety of impressions during the exaltation of cerebral power that the excitement gives. The occasion past, the brain must lie idle for a corresponding length of time, while a large portion of the excited impressions will gradually perish away. This system is extremely unfavourable to permanent acquisitions; for these, the force of the brain should be carefully husbanded and temperately drawn upon. Every period of undue excitement and feverish susceptibility is a time of great waste of the plastic energy of the mind on the whole. (Bain 1955: 450)
Mis kasu on tähelepanu- ja keskendumisvõimest ilma samavõrd võimeka mäluta?
Contiguity joins together things that are naturally juxtaposed, or that are, by any circumstance, presented to the mind at the same time, as when we associate heat with light, a falling body with a concussion. But in addition to this link of reproductive connexion, we find that one thing will, by virtue of similarity, recal another separated from it in time; thus, if I see Lear acted to-day, I am put in mind of a former occasion, when I have seen the same play acted. (Bain 1955: 451)
Järjestikkus ruumis, sarnasus ajas.
This tendency to be reminded of past occurrences and thoughts of every kind, through their resemblance to something present, is here termed by Law or Principle of Similarity. It is styled by Sir William Hamilton the Law of Repetition. He shows it to have been first recognised and enunciated by Aristotle. But its application to explain particular phenomena has been gradually extended by many successive writers down to the present time. (Bain 1955: 451)
"Dissertations on Reid, p. 889." - Ei taha siin isegi öelda, milline Aristotelese teos. (Mine loe mu kaasmaalast, kui teada tahad!)
But this reinstatement of a former condition by a present act of the same kind, is really and truly a case of the operation of the associating principle of similarity, or of like recalling like; and we here plainly see, that without such recal, the adhesion of contiguous things would be impossible. It would appear, therefor, that all through the exposition of Contiguity, the principle of Similarity has been tacitly assumed; we have always taken for granted, that the recurrence of any object to the view recalled the total impression made by all the previous occurrences, and added its own effect to that total. (Bain 1955: 452)
Võiks isegi öelda, et sarnasus ministreerib järjestikkust. (Teenindab?)
But when we pass from perfect to imperfect or partial identity, we are more readily made aware of the existence of this link of attraction between similars, for we find that the restoration sometimes does not take place; cases occur where we fail to be struck with a similitude; the spark does not pass between the new currents and the old dormant ones. The failure in reinstating the old condition by virtue of the present stimulus, is in the main ascribable to imperfect identity. When in some new impression of a thing, the original form is muffled, obscured, distorted, disguised, or in any way altered, it is just a chance if we recognised it; the amount of likeness that is left will have a reviving power, or a certain amount of reinstating energy, while the points of difference or unlikeness will act in resisting the supervention of the old state, and will tend to revive objects like themselves. (Bain 1955: 454)
Does that sparkle with all the girls? Kõlab nagu unitive likeness.
Even if the smell of a hare were multiplied a thousand times in the human nose, and made equal to the impression made on the brain in the dog, it would not follow that the same maddening excitement would follow; this is an additional circumstance growing out of the emotional nature of the animal, or out of the deep-seated circles of its brain. (Bain 1955: 462)
Circuits?
We are constantly liable to be reminded of past sayings of our own and of other people, and passages of writings that we have read, by hitting on catch-words or identical phrases, at a time when our thoughts are running in some quite different channel. The single word 'phrenzy' uttered with emphasis will recal, in a mind familiar with the passage, 'The poet's eye in a fine phrenzy rolling;' the principal epithet in such a case being enough to reinstate the entire connected train. (Bain 1955: 463)
Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream.
A shock of grief, a glut of pleasure, a fit of overworking, an accidental loss of two or three nights' rest, may all end in the very same kind of headache, stupor, or feeling of discomfort; but the great difference in the antecedents [|] may prevent our identifying the occasions. (Bain 1955: 465-466)
Nagu minu saatuslik Jaanipäev.
The 'accompaniments of manner and gesticulation' which come to be looked upon as a part of speech, being interpreted by the hearer just as much as the articulate syllables themselves, are likewise a source of diversity, inasmuch as they are conventionally different while having a certain community of character founded on the natural expression of feeling. If we are accustomed to the very slight degree of gesticulation practised in this country, the action of a foreigner is perplexing, and distracts instead of aiding us in comprehending his meaning. (Bain 1955: 473)
Siis kui Ameeriklane õpib aastaga saksa keele täiuslikult selgeks, aga ei tea midagi Saksa kultuurist, maailmapildist, ega kehalisest käitumisest ja mõjub sakslastega suheldes kui 'idiootne sakslane' (ja mitte kui 'välismaalane, kes omandas keele täiuslikult').
Movements may be divided and classed in a manner exactly parallel to the threefold division of forms; mathematical or regular movements, as rectilinear, circular, elliptical, &c., comprising all the continuous movements of machinery, and all movements that can [|] be numerically calculated or geometrically traced; symbolical movements, or all those used as arbitrary signs, such as the gesticulation accompanying directions, commands, instruction, and the like, telegraphic signals, the alphabet of the deaf and dumb, the characteristic gait and movements whereby we discriminate persons and animals; lastly, æsthetic movements, or all those that touch the sense of beauty and the interesting emotions. (Bain 1955: 483-484)
Noneh!
In like manner, the character of 'pungency' is common to sensations of all the senses; we have it under taste, in peppered meats: in smell, we have sal volatile; in touch, a scalding warmth; in hearing, drum and fife music; in sight, intense illumination. (Bain 1955: 484)
Võib-olla tähenduslik (isegi märgiline) näide.
This is one of the most frequently recurring attempts of poetry, one of whose objects is to produce new emotions in the minds of men. (Bain 1955: 486)
Emotsioone ei ole piiratud kogus?
The appearance of a knife lying on the table is not the whole knife, the appearance of it in the hand while we feel its form and dimensions, coupling sight and touch, is not the whole knife; they are at best but signs or suggestive particulars that revive in the mind by association the full notion of the object. (Bain 1955: 490)
Austinil on laua peal märgid juustust. Bainil on laual, võib-olla isegi kohe juustu kõrval, märgid noast. Nüüd... Kellel on märke juustuviilude lõikamisest? (Ja kas kunagi jõuame ka märkideni juustu söömisest?)
The Linnæan classification was properly a fetch of identity in the midst of the widest discordance; and the mental preparation for gaining this triumph of identification in the midst of difficulties was a shutting of the eye to the bold features that held all other minds captive, and a devoted study of the minute and concealed structure. (Bain 1955: 496)
"Stop trying to make fetch happen, it's not going to happen!"
Nevertheless, this, too, would be called a real, and not an illustrative identity; it would be fructifera, and not lucifera, or poetica. (Bain 1955: 501)
Reaalne analoogia kannab vilja; illustratiivne analoogia kannab valgust(ust).
The rise of the British empire is compared by one class of minds to the history of the great empires of antiquity, the object of the comparison being to carry out the analogy to the full length of anticipating for Britain a similar course of decay. The parallelisms that set forth popular movement as conducting to anarchy and ending in military despotism have been sufficient to satiate the reading mind of modern times. (Bain 1955: 504)
Õnneks mitte midagi sellist ei võtnud aset täpselt sada aastat hiljem.
Our great writers on Society, Aristotle, Vico, Montesquieu, Condorcet, Millar, James Mill, have shown admirable tact in this kind of Comparative Anatomy, and with all the effects of intellectual illumination and expansion that flow from the bringing together of remote samenesses. (Bain 1955: 507)
Tundub kesine punt.
Take again the genus of round bodies. As before, these are mustered in a class by the attraction of sameness; their classification has the effects already specified of mutual enlightenment and mutual exchangeability. To clench the operation we seize upon some one instance as a representative or typical instance, and our idea of this we call the abstract, or general, idea. We can here adopt a very refined method; we can draw an outline circle, omitting all the solid substance, and presenting only naked form to the eye; this is an abstraction of a higher order than we could gain by choosing a specimen circular object, as a wheel, for it leaves out all the features wherein circular bodies differ, and gives the point of agreement in a state of isolation. The mathematical diagram is thus a more perfect abstract idea than the idea of a river or a mountain, derived from a fair average specimen, or a composed river or mountain; these last scarcely come up to the meaning of an abstraction, although when properly managed they serve all the ends of such. (Bain 1955: 514)
Abstraktsete ideede üldsüntees?
An abstraction or definition gives us a general idea, it assembles a class of things marked by the presence of this common feature, - the class river, the class circle, the class red, the class planet, the class just, - but does not convey a proposition, a law of nature, a truth. (Bain 1955: 515)
Tundub nii.
We have before remarked that for a man to extricate himself from the prevailing modes of viewing natural appearances, and to become attached to a totally different aspect, is itself the proof of a superior nature, and often the principal turning point of original discovery. (Bain 1955: 518)
Kummastamise võte.
His education must serve him in making this discrimination; and if (as will happen) he is by natural temperament keenly alive to this one feature that constitutes legal relevancy, and indifferent to all other points of interest in the case, he is a born lawyer, just as Newton with his natural avidity for mathematical [|] relations and indifference to sensuous and poetic effects was a born natural philosopher, or Milton by the opposite character was a born poet. (Bain 1955: 529)
Aah! Alles nüüd viisin kokku: fructifora üleval vasakul, poetica üleval paremal, lucifora all keskel. Siin on Newtoni 'loomupärane filosoofilisus' viljakandev, poeetiline ikka poeetiline, ja sensuous valgustav.
Poetry, Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Decoration, and Design, are all conversant with some of the higher intellectual elements: Poetry with speech and the pictorial as represented by speech, the others with visual forms and appearances of various kinds. (Bain 1955: 535)
Kujundikeel - poetic figures.
The author of a truly original melody relies upon no such intellectual assistance. By the spontaneous gushings of his mind he flows out into song, and by the guidance of a delicate sense he tunes himself to melody. Other men may imitate and combine such primitive originals in a variety of compositions, but the knowing ear can always detect the work of compilation. (Bain 1955: 537)
Kuradi kompileerijad, ma ütlen!
I may here refer to what is a common subject of remark, that great musicians and actors, not to speak of opera dancers, have often a very low order of intellect, as measured by the ordinary tests. So in the charms and graces of society, which is a species of fine art, intellect may contribute nothing. In assisting the less gifted temperaments to take on the charm native to the others, it may operate with good effect; for this is done by acquisition and compilation, where the intellectual forces always work to advantage. (Bain 1955: 537)
Vestluskunst.
What is true of Geometry holds in all the sciences. There is in each one a vast deal of repetition both of the facts, or subject-matter, and of the formal machinery, although with great differences of mode and circumstance. (Bain 1955: 540)
Truism. Samas oleks kummaline ette kujutada, kuidas teadus saaks üldse areneda kui igaüks oleks üdini originaalne ja teadustekst peaasjalikult loominguline.
The contiguous retentiveness of the mind is put to the fullest test only by entire and absolute novelty, a thing that is more and more rare as one grows older. In learning languages, for example, we have less to acquire with every new individual language. (Bain 1955: 542)
Ära hirmuta! Seda teed mööda jõuab vist tüdimuseni.
We must endeavour to appreciate as far as we are able the influence of these extra-intellectual energies within the sphere of intellect; but as they would rarely suffice for the reproduction of thought if acting apart and alone, we are [|] led to look at them chiefly as modifying the effects of the proper intellectual forces, or as combining elements in the composition of associations. (Bain 1955: 544-545)
Otse pallimerre. (Viskab kaarega, nagu Mürka.)
Combination does not in all cases make strength. Ten thousand commonplace intellects would not make one genius, under any system of co-operation. The multiplication of unaided eyes could never equal the vision of one person with a telescope or microscope. (Bain 1955: 546)
Tänapäeval räägitakse küll 'kollektiivse hinnangu' vms teemal, et ~30 inimesest, kes individuaalselt võivad kõik mööda panna, piisab, et jõuda ühiselt täpselt õigele hinnangule/ennustusele.
The substance, silica, in the mind of a naturalist, has a vast range of associations in consequence of the many properties entering into his notion of it. These various links tend to bring the substance repeatedly before the mind; sometimes one link is sufficiently powerful, for example, the recollection of a given degree of hardness; at other times the material is recovered by double or triple connexions, as the ideas of an oxide, of insolubility, and of a six-sided crystallization. (Bain 1955: 550)
Sõnastus.
If we chance to be studying by turns two different sciences that throw much light on each other, we are in a good way for easily deriving the benefit of the comparison. Should we know the most likely source of fertile similitudes for some difficult problem, we naturally keep near that source in order that we may be struck with the faintest gleam of likeness through the help of proximity. (Bain 1955: 556)
Mul siis semiootika ja psühholoogia. Võib-olla kujuneb sellest (originaalne?) psühhosemiootika.
In many cases our recollection of the past is promoted by Volition; that is, we have some purpose or end in view, which stimulates the activity of the system to bring about the recovery. I want to recal the name of an object before me, to remember where I last saw a given person, to find a principle applicable to a case in hand. (Bain 1955: 558)
Clay ütleks siin vist, et kui meenutus ei ole tahtlik, siis ei ole üldse tegu meenutusega vaid millegagi nagu 'ase-meenutus' vms.
Marvels of ingenuity are often accomplished through the lucky absence of superfluous suggestions. In the operations of animals happy efforts occur to surprise us, as being apparently out of keeping with the range of their faculties; in some of those cases the explanation is to be sought in the limitation of the views. The animal does not suffer from a crowd of incompatible associations. The same circumstance explains the extraordinary facility of speech, or the readiness in action, of men very deficient in mental force generally. (Bain 1955: 565)
Meenub õppejõud, kelle tarkvara ilmselgelt ületas raudvara võimekust. Iga kord kui ta alustas oma kõnes teekonda punktist A punkti D käis ta tagelikult läbi punktid B, X, Y, Z, siis kuna C ja K on alles suhteliselt hiljuti eraldunud, ka need, iseenesest on Y ja I sarnasus ka huvitav, jne, ja lõpuks kas keegi mäletas üldse, mis see D pidi olema? - Vs. keegi, kel pole aimugi, et tähestik on pikem, jõuab ilusti A, B, C ja D läbi käia ilma, et ta E-st ja F-ist midagi teaks.
The facility the mind has in passing from mere repetition into new combinations is perhaps most obvious in the use of language. Scarcely any succession of words uttered in everyday intercourse is precisely the same as any other succession formerly said or heard by the speaker. It seems particularly easy for us to adapt and modify this acquisition in an endless variety of ways. (Bain 1955: 573)
Tere hommikust!
Certain grammatical forms have to be observed; likewise there are rhetorical proprieties or rules of good taste; a certain melody or cadence is sought to be imparted; and in poetic composition this last quality has to be attained under the restrictions of metre and rhyme. (Bain 1955: 575)
Poeetilise funktsiooni kõikjalviibivus.
In science, meditation and speculation can often do much, but in practice, a disposition to try experiments is of the greatest service. Nothing less than a fanaticism of experimentation could have given birth to some of our grandest practical combinations. The great discovery of Daguerre, for example, could not have been regularly worked out by any systematic and orderly research; there was no way but to stumble on it, so unlikely and remote were the actions brought together in one consecutive process. The discovery is unaccountable until we learn that the author had been devoting himself to experiments for improving the diorama, and thereby got deeply involved in trials and operations far remote from the beaten paths of inquiry. (Bain 1955: 596)
Nagu see tädi (Katalin Karikó), kes uuris aastakümneid mRNA vaktsiine, millega nüüd saab vist isegi vähki ravida.
There is a feeling of hunger, a feeling of cold, a feeling of fatigue, all which are emotions, but not emotions of the fine arts. (Bain 1955: 600)
Need on küll sensatsioonid, mitte emotsioonid.
I have in a former chapter (Contiguity, § 75) adverted to the mental equipment suitable to the artist in any department; and it is scarcely necessary to repeat, what I have endeavoured to illustrate throughout the present chapter, that when all the elements are present that fit into a particular construction they will take their place as a matter of course. The labour consists in getting up the constituent parts from the repositories of the mind, and in choosing and rejecting until the end in view is completely answered. Because the imaginations of a dreamer are easy and fluent, it does not follow that the imaginations of a musician, an architect, or a poet, shall be equally easy, although in principle the same, being governed by an emotion powerfully developed and richly associated with material. The artist has more stringent conditions to fulfil than the dreamer. (Bain 1955: 606)
Koguda, koguda, koguda, kuniks kõik vajalikud osad on koos ja uus tervik langeb justkui iseenesest kokku.
The poet, let him desire it never so much, cannot study realities with an undivided attention. His readers in general do not desire truth simply for its own sake; nor will they accept it in the severe forms of an accurate terminology. The scientific man has not wantonly created the diagrams of Euclid, the symbols of Algebra, or the jargon of technical Anatomy; he was forced into these repulsive elements because in no other way could he seize the realities of nature with precision. (Bain 1955: 609)
Noneh.
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