Links 25.05.2026
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Essays & news Nora De La Cour, “The EdTech backlash is here, and it’s just
getting started”, Jacobin, 23 May 2026
(https://jacobin.com/2026/05/educational-...
1 day ago
corpus inscriptionum semiophrensium
In Morris’s description (1970: 10) pragmatism is focused primarily upon one aspect of human behavior: ‘intelligent action, that is, purposive or goal-seeking behavior as influenced by reflection’. This is an aspect he most develops in Signs, language and behavior which is specifically dedicated to the inextricable interrelation between signs and human conduct. For Peirce rational purpose is ‘self-controlled conduct’, that is, ‘conduct controlled by adequate deliberation’. Pragmatism, or as Peirce preferred, pragmaticism, was concerned then with the relation between ‘deliberate conduct’ and ‘the intellectual purport of symbols’ (cf. CP 8.322, 5.442).
Although Morris was in accord with Peirce’s description of semiosis as the ‘action of a sign’ (CP 5.473), he limited his concept of action to behavior directed toward a goal. This approach implies the presence of a subject, an organism, its goal-oriented behavior and a goal-object, that is, a ‘final object’ outside semiosis.
- Sign or sign vehicle, the object acting as a stimulus for sign behavior;
- Interpreter, any organism acted upon by the sign vehicle. This extension of the concept of interpreter to include any organism whatever, and, therefore, any type of sign behavior beyond the human, implies extending semiotics beyond the social behavior of man and, therefore, beyond the limits established by Saussurean sémiologie;
- Interpretant, the disposition to respond to a certain type of object as the result of a sign stimulus.;
- Signification, the object to which the interpreter responds through an interpretant, that is, the signified object which as such, specifies Morris, cannot function simultaneously as a stimulus. Here, signification replaces what Morris variously calls denotatum (1938) and significatum (1946), while the concepts of interpreter and interpretant remain constant. That the object of signification cannot function as a stimulus does not mean, explains Morris, that what gives itself to direct experience cannot be signified;
- Context, the set of circumstances in which semiosis takes place.
In line with his plan to theorize the connection between the value and sign dimensions of behavior, Morris subdivides signification into designative, prescriptive, and appraisive signification, respectively exemplified with the words ‘black’, ‘ought’, and ‘good’; and he subdivides action, following Mead, into perceptual, manipulatory, and consummatory action, where these three types of action and signification correspond to each other in the order indicated.
The study of action is inevitable when passing from sign theory to value theory, if values are
considered in relation to action and preferential behavior and not as absolute, independent entities. Value is studied by Morris in terms of a ‘value situation’ which involves both social and individual values, and is regarded as any situation in which preferential behavior occurs. As such a value situation is inherently relational.
Values are described as objectively relative properties, that is, they are properties of objects (in a wide sense of this term) relative to preferential behavior. Morris classifies them as object, operative, and conceived values in correspondence with the tripartition of signification and action.
The term ‘value’ is used in different contexts to signify different aspects of value situations, that is, situations involving preferential behavior. Morris discusses three usages which he considers as basic. ‘Object value’ is applied to objects and as such is objectively relative, it comes into play in perceptual action. ‘Operative value’ signifies the direction of preferential behavior, it holds wherever there is a direction of preference at choice points as regards objects and behavior and is correlated to manipulatory action. ‘Conceived value’ concerns preferential behavior as accorded to a signified object or situation. Ideally it guides our effective choices and corresponds to consummatory action. Morris specifies that object and operative values do not necessarily involve signs, that is, an object of signification, while, on the contrary, conceived values can only exist as signified values and, therefore, they necessarily do involve signs.
According to Morris’s formulation of 1946 (1971[1946]: 365ff), pragmatics studies the effects of signs; semantics studies the significations of signs; syntactics studies the way in which signs are combined to form compound signs.
Copyleft (c) 2010 soul searching or just looking for fights.