Donald Cushamn and Cordon C. Whiting. An Approach to Communication Theory: Toward Consensus and Rules
Kahte tüüpi reeglid:
We believe there is a class of human actions whose significance is largely dependent on consensually shared rules. These rules control the unfolding of the action over time and constitute its meaning. The rules, it seems to us, are of two basic types: (1) those which specify the action's content (its meaning, what it is to count as) and those which specify the procedures appropriate to carrying out the action. It is these rules which assure the success of complex, interdependent transactions in society. The constitutive rules govern, the procedural rules guide. (Cushan & Whiting 1972: 217)
Reeglid saavutavad korra ja regulaarsuse suhtlemisprotsessis:
What do rules attain? Order and regularity in the communication process. They do this by governing and guiding the communicative transactions. As indivated, we distinguish two general classes of communication rules: the content or constitutive rules and the procedural rules. (Cushan & Whiting 1972: 219-220)
Muud huvitavat: tähenduse personaalne ja interpersonaalne tasand.
Abraham Tesser, Sidney Rosen and Thomas Batchelor. Some Message Variables and the MUM Effect
No doubt there are numerous possible determinants of felt desire to communicate. Some of the reasons may be instrumental. For example, the communicator may anticipate some material benefit in exchange for transmitting. Or, he may derive status satisfaction from being perceived as a possessor of news. On the other hand, the reasons may be terminal. For example, he may look forward with enjoyment to the anticipated emotional response of the recipient. Or, he may enjoy talking. He may also enjoy the role of informant. (Tesser, Rosen & Batchelor 1972: 241)
Jacquieline J. Harris and Maxwell E. MeCombs. The Interpersonal/Mass Communication Interface Among Church Leaders
Nada. Statistiline uurimus sellest kui palju kirikutegelased otsivad informatsiooni massimeediast.
Timothy P. Meyer and Vernon E. Cronen. Agnew Meets the Student Dissenters: An Experimental Study of Ego-Involvement and Argumentation
Nada. Poliitiline analüüs tollase asepresidendi ja üliõpilaste suhetest ja kuidas televisioon seda muutis.
Peter Wolff and Joyce Gutstein. Effects of Induced Motor Gestures on Vocal Output
Siin on sama idee mis kumab Tenjese töödes - käežestid eelnevad sõnadele ja on tõenäoliselt sama tähendussüsteemi osad:
While the organized lexicon is presumed to be an integral part of the linguistic production and interpretation system, story production involves a thematic organization which may occur prior to its linguistic interpretation. If so, it is reasonable to propose that the gestures were processed at a level more fundamental than that of a lexicon, and perhaps more fundamental than the vocal system itself. The fact that self-produced gestures, as well as observed gestures affected the stories make the hypothesis at least plausible that during the communication act, non-verbal activity is based in this same prelinguistic meaning system as the concurrent vocal activity. Furthermore, the motoric expressive system may actually influence the vocal. In our observations of video-taped monologues we have isolated several segments which further support this hypothesis. Ocasionally an S[ubject], involved in vocal exposition with accompanying gestures, would express an idea or a physical description motorically before the verbal statement became available.(Wolff and Gutstein 1972: 287)
James C. Cardiner. The Effects of Expected and Perceived Receiver Responses on Source Attitudes
It was reasoned that the communication source brings a number of salient cognitions into a communication event. First, he has a self-concept as a communicator, based on his past successful or unsuccessful performances. Second, he has had an expectation of the response he will receive from the audience. Third, he has an attitude toward the audience. Finally, he has an attitude toward the topic he is presenting. As the communication event progresses, and the receivers respond to the message, these four attitudes will interact and change. The manner in which they are modified was the focus of this study. (Cardiner, 1972: 290)
Geriff Wolf, Roy Gorski and Stephen Peters. Acquaintance and Accuracy of Vocal Communication of Emotions
Nada.
Harvey A. Eastman. A Communication Theory Bibliography Speaks Out - Softly
Statistiline analüüs märksõnadest mis seostuvad kommunikatsiooniteooriaga.
Lean Vande Creek and John T. Watkins. Responses to Incongruent Verbal and Nonverbal Emotional Cues
Channel reliance, mittemidagiütlev eksperiment.
Eldon E. Baker. Implictions and Explications
Viimaks mõned asjalikud mõtteterad mille kallal nokkida:
(Baker 1972: 317)
- "Communication can be associated with successful transmission of information from participant to participant." Participants disrutb light or sound waves. Information or "patterned energy" resides in the participants. Measures of shared information, therefore, must be dependent on the participants' behaviors, not the physical dynamis of transmission.
- "Communication involves understanding by the receiver as intended by the source." Communication or "meaning assignation" occurs in the relative absence of understanding by the receiver as intended by the source, perhaps most of the time.
- "No major communication theorist has systematically treated content and procedural rules as a fundamental concern in communication theory." I can discern little difference between "content and procedural rules" and "mental sets." Mental sets have been concerned for communication theorists for many years. Cushman and Whiting, however, make a contribution by amplifying the nature and role of rules or mental sets in the communication process.
Book Review Section edited by John L. Petelle
Kõneldes raamatust "Imagery And Verbal Process" mille autoriks on Alan Paivio, öeldakse järgnevat:
Paivio concludes that imagery that is "...nonverbal memory representations of concrete objects and events .... actively generated and manipulated by the individual ..." is generally visual and concrete, whereas the verbal process can be concrete, but is typified by higher abstractness, much as Sir Francis Galton (inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development, 1883) and Count Alfred Korzybski (Science and Sanity, 1933) believed.
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